{"id":3520,"date":"2023-11-29T13:17:57","date_gmt":"2023-11-29T13:17:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/?page_id=3520"},"modified":"2026-03-06T08:11:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T08:11:43","slug":"disability-and-reasonable-adjustments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/disability-and-reasonable-adjustments\/","title":{"rendered":"Disability and Reasonable Adjustments"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>An Inclusivity Theme Page<\/h2>\n<p> \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-info with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>The Inclusive Education CPD Offer<\/h3>                <h3 style=\"background: #3A6CB5\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height: 107%;color: white\">This Disability and Dyslexia page outlines the key concepts of disability, explores provisions for disabled students in Cardiff University, and gives you some practical advice on ensuring your teaching is accessible. In the Deeper Dive section, we will explore conceptualisations of disability in more depth, outline some key findings in the research on disabled students\u2019 experience of higher education, and explain your legal responsibilities for digital accessibility.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"background: #3A6CB5;margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 0cm\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;color: white\">At the end of this page, there is a map of further CPD opportunities and topics, to aid your navigation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"background: #3A6CB5;margin: 0cm 0cm 6.0pt 0cm\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;color: white\">Key <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;color: white;font-weight: normal\">Introductory <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;color: white\">Reading for this page:<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;color: white\">\u00a0Morina, A. 2017 Inclusive education in higher education: challenges and opportunities,\u00a0<i>European Journal of Special Needs Education<\/i>, 32:1, 3-17, DOI: 10.1080\/08856257.2016.1254964<\/span><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n     \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-info with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" x2=\"670.917\" y2=\"516.34\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 0)\"><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-0\" offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#12d69e\"\/><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-1\" offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#00a870\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q4-fill\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"153.98\" x2=\"318.986\" y2=\"153.98\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Design of Inclusivity Pages<\/h3>                <p>All of the Inclusivity pages are designed following the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). You will find a combination of text, video and images, along with some points for reflection, practical examples and case studies.<\/p>\n<p>You can choose to read the text or access an audio recording of the same material. The recordings are at the bottom of each page. Alternatively you could use\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/topic\/use-immersive-reader-in-microsoft-edge-78a7a17d-52e1-47ee-b0ac-eff8539015e1\">the Microsoft Immersive Reader,<\/a> which has the ability to set preferences or use the 'read aloud' function .<a href=\"https:\/\/intranet.cardiff.ac.uk\/staff\/training-and-development\/staff-courses-and-programmes\/events-and-training\/learning-and-teaching-cpd-2024-2025\">You can also attend a workshop on the topic.<\/a><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    <strong><br \/>\nIntroduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Firstly, some perspectives on disability in university\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Diversity Includes Disability\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rjgkowqHLto?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><strong>1. Conceptualising Disability<\/strong><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"post-4197 media-4197\" class=\"image align-none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" style=\"width: 352px;height: 337px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/02\/equlaity-act-2010-new-1.png\" alt=\"Equality Act logo with the nine protected characteristics: marriage and civil partnership, Race and ethnicity, disability, religion or belief, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender reassignment\" width=\"485\" height=\"464\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: The nine protected characteristics in the Equality Act 2010<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>UK Equality Act<\/strong>\u00a0(2010) defines the nine protected characteristics illustrated in the figure above, and also defines disability:<\/p>\n<p>You are disabled if you have: a physical or mental impairment that has a \u2018substantial\u2019 and \u2018long-term\u2019 negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities. \u2018Substantial\u2019 is more than minor or trivial; \u2018long-term\u2019 means 12 months or more.<\/p>\n<p>The Equality Act 2010 applies to all sectors of education, including Higher Education, and defines our responsibilities to provide accessible, anticipatory education for all (see the Supporting Disabled Students section, below).<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Models of Disability<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>How we conceive of disability will impact how we design and deliver our teaching, and how we respond to disabled students in Cardiff University. There is a vast literature on Disability Studies, which has developed as a discipline alongside new ideas about the nature of disability since the 1970s. The two key concepts are explored below, with further detail and models in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/disability-and-dyslexia\/#section%202\">Deeper Dive Section<\/a>, at the end of the page, should you wish to deepen your understanding. You can also read a summary of the developments in Dan Goodley\u2019s Disability Studies book (2017), in the reference list.<\/p>\n<p>The Medical Model of disability is prevalent in the UK, and conceives of disability as intrinsic to the individual, caused by physical, sensory or medical impairment, and a \u2018condition\u2019 in need of treatment. This leads to medically-dominated provision of services, based around diagnoses, with an aim to \u2018normalise\u2019 individuals through therapeutic intervention.<\/p>\n<p>The Social Model of Disability challenges these medicalised assumptions, and suggests that while<u>\u00a0impairment<\/u>\u00a0is the condition, such as lacking a part or all of a limb, having a defective limb, organ or part of the body,\u00a0<u>disability<\/u>\u00a0is identified separately, being defined as \u2018the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by contemporary social organisation which takes no or little account of people who have impairments and thus excludes them from the mainstream of social activities.\u2019<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Disability and Higher Education<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If we apply the social model to higher education, we can appreciate that disability is\u00a0created by the traditional processes, procedures and practices of learning, teaching and assessment. It is also created by our organisational processes and methods of communication.<\/p>\n<p>These processes, procedures and practices create barriers to learning and attainment for our disabled students. For example a requirement for a diagnosis or assessment prior to an adjustment to teaching practice or assessment would be an illustration of the medical model, whereas flexible, inclusive or universally-designed learning would be an example of the social model.<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\"><title>Globe<\/title><path d=\"M15,2a15,15,0,1,1,0,30A15,15,0,0,1,0,17,15,15,0,0,1,15,2ZM10.34,7.44L10,8a5.88,5.88,0,0,0-.31.63C9.53,9.06,9.31,9.53,9.16,10H14V4.16a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-.66.25,5,5,0,0,0-.69.41,6.52,6.52,0,0,0-1.22,1.09,10.24,10.24,0,0,0-1.09,1.53h0ZM16,10h4.84c-0.09-.22-0.16-0.47-0.25-0.69A12.87,12.87,0,0,0,20,8a5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.34-0.56,10.13,10.13,0,0,0-1.09-1.53,6.55,6.55,0,0,0-1.22-1.09,7.68,7.68,0,0,0-.66-0.41A3.67,3.67,0,0,0,16,4.16V10h0ZM5.81,7.81q-0.52.52-.94,1C4.59,9.22,4.28,9.63,4,10H7A15.68,15.68,0,0,1,8.09,7.44,11.33,11.33,0,0,1,9.41,5.28,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,7.5,6.38,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,5.81,7.81ZM23,10h3c-0.25-.37-0.56-0.78-0.84-1.16a13.7,13.7,0,0,0-.94-1A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,22.5,6.38a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-1.91-1.09,13.28,13.28,0,0,1,1.34,2.16A19,19,0,0,1,23,10h0ZM6.5,12H3a9,9,0,0,0-.62,2A10.61,10.61,0,0,0,2,16H6a14.66,14.66,0,0,1,.16-2.06c0.09-.66.19-1.31,0.31-1.94h0ZM14,12H8.56c-0.16.63-.25,1.31-0.34,2A10.67,10.67,0,0,0,8,16h6V12h0Zm2,0v4h6a14.19,14.19,0,0,0-.16-2c-0.12-.66-0.22-1.34-0.37-2H16Zm8,4h4a13.75,13.75,0,0,0-.31-2A11.21,11.21,0,0,0,27,12H23.5c0.13,0.63.22,1.28,0.31,1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,24,16h0ZM3,22H6.5c-0.12-.62-0.22-1.28-0.31-1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,6,18H2a10.6,10.6,0,0,0,.34,2A9,9,0,0,0,3,22H3Zm11-4H8a10.67,10.67,0,0,0,.19,2c0.09,0.66.19,1.34,0.34,2H14V18h0Zm2,4h5.44c0.16-.62.25-1.31,0.38-2A14.06,14.06,0,0,0,22,18H16v4Zm7.5,0H27a11.21,11.21,0,0,0,.66-2A13.9,13.9,0,0,0,28,18H24a14.66,14.66,0,0,1-.16,2.06c-0.09.66-.19,1.31-0.31,1.94h0ZM7,24H4c0.25,0.38.56,0.78,0.84,1.13a9.9,9.9,0,0,0,.94,1.06A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,7.5,27.63a11.51,11.51,0,0,0,1.91,1.09,11.33,11.33,0,0,1-1.31-2.16A15.79,15.79,0,0,1,7,24H7Zm2.12,0,0.28,0.69A7,7,0,0,0,10,26c0.09,0.22.22,0.41,0.31,0.59a9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09,1.5,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22,1.13,3,3,0,0,0,.69.38,2,2,0,0,0,.66.28V24H9.16Zm10.5,2.56c0.09-.19.22-0.37,0.34-0.59s0.22-.41.31-0.62c0.19-.44.38-0.87,0.53-1.34H16v5.84a2.45,2.45,0,0,0,.69-0.28,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.66-0.37,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22-1.12,9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09-1.5h0Zm4.53-.37a10,10,0,0,0,.94-1.06c0.28-.34.59-0.75,0.84-1.12H23a19.07,19.07,0,0,1-1,2.56,13.28,13.28,0,0,1-1.34,2.16,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,1.91-1.09,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,1.69-1.44h0Z\" transform=\"translate(0 -2)\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Disability and Higher Education Practice<\/h3>                <p>Points for Reflection<\/p>\n<p>Consider the following and identify which are medical, and which are social model approaches to disability? For medical model approaches, what might the alternative be?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 New students need to provide evidence of a disability to the university<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Materials are made available in advance to <em>all<\/em> students<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Individual student assessment of need by the Student Disability Service<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Study Skills training for disabled students<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Universal Design for Learning used in the design of teaching<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p>UCAS (2022) completed a detailed study of disabled students in higher education, tracking the changes to the population since 2012. They found:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Issues in under-representation: one in five working-age adults in the UK are disabled, compared to one in seven HE students<\/li>\n<li>The most prevalent category: more than a third (35%) of disabled applicants shared a learning difference (e.g. dyslexia or dyscalculia) \u2013 the most commonly shared category, representing 5% of all UK applicants<\/li>\n<li>Significant changes in the needs of students: Since 2012, the greatest increases in people feeling able to share their needs have been seen for mental health conditions (+453%) and social, behavioural or communication impairments (+249%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"post-3556 media-3556\" class=\"image w-100 align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 419px;height: 236px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/11\/UCAS-graph-disability-numbers-e1701258965359.png\" alt=\"Graph of UK applicants to HE showing condition large rise in mental health condition and learning difference, and some rise in social behavioural and communication impairment and two or more conditions. Hearing impairment, long-term illness, visual impairment, health, other, visual impairment have remained constant\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: Numbers of disabled students by category 2012-2021 (UCAS 2022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, in Cardiff University, the number of disabled students has risen over the last 5 years. <a href=\"https:\/\/sway.cloud.microsoft\/AVBzsnJoOnKjBPd1?ref=Link\">Cardiff University Staff can find data on Disability and Reasonable adjustments here.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Thus an effective, supportive approach to our students who are disabled is crucial, to ensure we remove barriers to learning and ensure <em>all<\/em> students can achieve their potential.<\/p>\n<p>Listen to the experiences of one of our students here: <a href=\"https:\/\/voicesofacademia.com\/2025\/02\/21\/breaking-barriers-my-higher-education-journey-as-a-disabled-and-neurodivergent-student-by-alexandra-wilson-newman\/\">Breaking Barriers: Alexandra Wilson-Newman<\/a><\/p>\n<p>There is extensive further research on the gaps, experiences and outcomes for disabled students: to explore more, read the Research Findings on Disability and Higher Education section, in the Deeper Dive, at the end of the page.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>2. Supporting Disabled Students in Cardiff University: Legislation, Policy and Practice<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Higher Education Institutions have a duty under the Equality Act 2010 to prevent discrimination, harassment, and victimisation. A recent large scale research report identified that only 36% of students who have had any support approved by their university have all that support put in place (Disabled Students UK 2023).<\/p>\n<p>Where it might put disabled students at a substantial disadvantage, we have a legal duty to existing students, applicants, and former students to make <em>reasonable adjustments<\/em> to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>provision, criterion or practice<\/li>\n<li>physical features of the building or premises and<\/li>\n<li>information, to ensure it is provided in an accessible format.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The duty is\u00a0<em>anticipatory and continuing<\/em>, regardless of whether you know that a particular student is disabled or whether you currently have any disabled students. You should not wait until an individual disabled student approaches you before you consider how to meet the duty (EHRC 2014).<\/p>\n<p>There are therefore two approaches to meeting the needs of disabled students:<\/p>\n<p>A. Inclusive Learning and Teaching<\/p>\n<p>B. The legal obligation to meet identified Reasonable Adjustments for individual disabled students.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>A. Inclusive Learning and Teaching<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Inclusive education requires a continuum of supports that reaches from the classroom to support services, and which incorporates the provision of reasonable adjustments. We need to consider firstly the bottom layer, our universal design of teaching, and then our signposting and interaction with the higher levels.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-3626 media-3626\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 446px;height: 245px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/continuum-of-support.png\" alt=\"A pyramid with 4 levels (from the bottom up) LEVEL 1: THE MAJORITY OF STUDENTS. LEVEL 2: STUDENTS WITH SIMILAR NEEDS: LEVEL 3: INDIVIDUAL ACCOMMODATION. LEVEL 4: PERSONAL ASSISTANT\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Figure: UDL and the Continuum of Supports (AHEAD 2023)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>LEVEL 1: THE MAJORITY OF STUDENTS: With the incorporation of inclusive education principles into the mainstream practice of the institution, the majority of students can have a successful learning experience without additional support.<\/p>\n<p>LEVEL 2: STUDENTS WITH SIMILAR NEEDS: In some cases, students with similar needs who required additional support can have support provided in a group setting. Examples of this would include group learning support sessions for mature students, and examinations in alternative venues for students needing extra time or a quiet environment.<\/p>\n<p>LEVEL 3: INDIVIDUAL ACCOMMODATION: Individual accommodations or adjustments remain a very important part of an inclusive institution. Some students require individual supports such as Assistive Technology or flexibility with examination deadlines which enable them to participate fully in the learning experience.<\/p>\n<p>LEVEL 4: PERSONAL ASSISTANT: Sometimes students might have the need for more personal, professional supports, in addition to individual accommodations like those outlined in Level 3. For example, students with certain disabilities may require the use of a personal assistant on campus, or, in an exam setting, a reader or scribe.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>So what can you do? Inclusive Practice<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Start with inclusive, universal design: what can you do to make changes to your practice that are available to\u00a0<em>all<\/em>\u00a0students?<\/p>\n<p>Whilst reasonable adjustments are a legal obligation under the Equality Act, using inclusive approaches benefits all. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>providing all resources such as PowerPoints, documents or readings 48 hours in advance may be a reasonable adjustment for a student with dyslexia, but will also help those with English as an additional language<\/li>\n<li>providing recordings of the session may be a reasonable adjustment for students with a condition causing problems with note-taking or attendance due to disability, but will also support those who cannot attend due to short- or long-term health conditions, and those with caring responsibilities or employment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Using inclusive approaches for the whole cohort also benefits us: where we provide universally, less time is taken in the administration of individual requirements, and the crisis-management of individual issues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cardiff University Reasonable Adjustments<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Take a look at <a href=\"https:\/\/sway.cloud.microsoft\/AVBzsnJoOnKjBPd1?ref=Link\">this snapshot of Cardiff University reasonable adjustments from December 2022<\/a><\/p>\n<p>If we follow just these five core practices for inclusive education, our numbers of reasonable adjustments would be significantly reduced!<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success\">        \n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Top Tips: Five Core Practices for Inclusive Education:<\/h3>                <ol style=\"margin-top: 0cm\" type=\"disc\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\">Provide all resources for the session 48 hours in advance via Ultra, including PowerPoints and documents<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Record all lectures, and enable students to audio record sessions.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">For seminars or other active sessions, provide notes in Ultra, or ask students to summarise discussions or activities.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Provide coherent reading lists which are accessible in advance, have literature easily available online or in Ultra, and which indicate which are essential, desirable and \u2018other\u2019 readings<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Be aware that some of your students will have medical needs which may mean they may not be able to attend, or may need to leave sessions early<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p style=\"text-align: left\">When considering making our practice inclusive, we could use the approach of\u00a0 Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which creates a learning environment designed for a diversity of learners,\u00a0rather\u00a0 than\u00a0 retrospectively\u00a0 making\u00a0 adaptations\u00a0 to\u00a0 accommodate\u00a0 specific\u00a0students.\u00a0 UDL\u00a0 builds\u00a0 flexibility\u00a0 in\u00a0 the\u00a0 core\u00a0 curriculum\u00a0 through\u00a0 multiple\u00a0 means\u00a0 of\u00a0representation, action and expression and engagement.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-4202 media-4202\" class=\"image align-none\">\n<figure id=\"post-7029 media-7029\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 307px;height: 199px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/10\/UDL-2024.png\" alt=\"Three columns: Multiple means of engagement with three rows below: Desigining options for welcoming interests and identities; sustaining effort and persistence and emotional capacity. Column 2 multiple means of representation: three rows below: design options for perception; language and symbols and building knowledge. Column 3 Multiple means of action and expression with three rows: Design options for interaction; expression and communication and strategy development\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: Universal Design for Learning (CAST 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You can read more about <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/universal-design-for-learning\/\">Universal Design for Learning<\/a> on this toolkit page<\/p>\n<p>Try this exercise to develop your skills in designing for inclusive practice, before clicking to reveal the model answer below.<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\"><title>Globe<\/title><path d=\"M15,2a15,15,0,1,1,0,30A15,15,0,0,1,0,17,15,15,0,0,1,15,2ZM10.34,7.44L10,8a5.88,5.88,0,0,0-.31.63C9.53,9.06,9.31,9.53,9.16,10H14V4.16a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-.66.25,5,5,0,0,0-.69.41,6.52,6.52,0,0,0-1.22,1.09,10.24,10.24,0,0,0-1.09,1.53h0ZM16,10h4.84c-0.09-.22-0.16-0.47-0.25-0.69A12.87,12.87,0,0,0,20,8a5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.34-0.56,10.13,10.13,0,0,0-1.09-1.53,6.55,6.55,0,0,0-1.22-1.09,7.68,7.68,0,0,0-.66-0.41A3.67,3.67,0,0,0,16,4.16V10h0ZM5.81,7.81q-0.52.52-.94,1C4.59,9.22,4.28,9.63,4,10H7A15.68,15.68,0,0,1,8.09,7.44,11.33,11.33,0,0,1,9.41,5.28,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,7.5,6.38,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,5.81,7.81ZM23,10h3c-0.25-.37-0.56-0.78-0.84-1.16a13.7,13.7,0,0,0-.94-1A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,22.5,6.38a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-1.91-1.09,13.28,13.28,0,0,1,1.34,2.16A19,19,0,0,1,23,10h0ZM6.5,12H3a9,9,0,0,0-.62,2A10.61,10.61,0,0,0,2,16H6a14.66,14.66,0,0,1,.16-2.06c0.09-.66.19-1.31,0.31-1.94h0ZM14,12H8.56c-0.16.63-.25,1.31-0.34,2A10.67,10.67,0,0,0,8,16h6V12h0Zm2,0v4h6a14.19,14.19,0,0,0-.16-2c-0.12-.66-0.22-1.34-0.37-2H16Zm8,4h4a13.75,13.75,0,0,0-.31-2A11.21,11.21,0,0,0,27,12H23.5c0.13,0.63.22,1.28,0.31,1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,24,16h0ZM3,22H6.5c-0.12-.62-0.22-1.28-0.31-1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,6,18H2a10.6,10.6,0,0,0,.34,2A9,9,0,0,0,3,22H3Zm11-4H8a10.67,10.67,0,0,0,.19,2c0.09,0.66.19,1.34,0.34,2H14V18h0Zm2,4h5.44c0.16-.62.25-1.31,0.38-2A14.06,14.06,0,0,0,22,18H16v4Zm7.5,0H27a11.21,11.21,0,0,0,.66-2A13.9,13.9,0,0,0,28,18H24a14.66,14.66,0,0,1-.16,2.06c-0.09.66-.19,1.31-0.31,1.94h0ZM7,24H4c0.25,0.38.56,0.78,0.84,1.13a9.9,9.9,0,0,0,.94,1.06A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,7.5,27.63a11.51,11.51,0,0,0,1.91,1.09,11.33,11.33,0,0,1-1.31-2.16A15.79,15.79,0,0,1,7,24H7Zm2.12,0,0.28,0.69A7,7,0,0,0,10,26c0.09,0.22.22,0.41,0.31,0.59a9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09,1.5,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22,1.13,3,3,0,0,0,.69.38,2,2,0,0,0,.66.28V24H9.16Zm10.5,2.56c0.09-.19.22-0.37,0.34-0.59s0.22-.41.31-0.62c0.19-.44.38-0.87,0.53-1.34H16v5.84a2.45,2.45,0,0,0,.69-0.28,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.66-0.37,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22-1.12,9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09-1.5h0Zm4.53-.37a10,10,0,0,0,.94-1.06c0.28-.34.59-0.75,0.84-1.12H23a19.07,19.07,0,0,1-1,2.56,13.28,13.28,0,0,1-1.34,2.16,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,1.91-1.09,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,1.69-1.44h0Z\" transform=\"translate(0 -2)\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Activity<\/h3>                <p class=\"MsoNormal\">You are the Module Convenor for a module which has 50 students, and you have been informed by your Disability Contact that you have 8 students who have reasonable adjustments. All require:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0cm\" type=\"disc\">\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">University's lecture capture facilities to be used to capture lecture, where available.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Electronic copies of lecture and seminar presentations should be made available prior to class via the University's virtual learning environment.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Permission is sought for the student to audio record lectures.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">References for or copies of texts and reading material to be used in class should be provided in advance.<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">Exam scripts 'flagged' to marker. (Student has a disability affecting written expression)<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;margin-top: 0cm\">One student has additional reasonable adjustments: Awareness that student will need to move around in teaching sessions and Wheelchair accessible teaching rooms and lecture theatres are required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><b>Create a 1-page guidance document for all teaching staff<\/b> on the module, outlining the requirements for the design, delivery and assessment of the module, which incorporates inclusive practice and the UDL principles of multiple means of engagement, representation and action and expression.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">You may find this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inclusiveeducationframework.info\/checklists\/\">self-assessment checklist from the Inclusive Education Framework <\/a>useful.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-design-for-disabled-students-activity-model-answer-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Model Answer (click to reveal)<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-design-for-disabled-students-activity-model-answer-1\"><p><strong>Teaching Guidance Document for all staff teaching on Module X<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To meet the needs of our students we need to consistently design and deliver our teaching inclusively, being responsive to identified reasonable adjustments. Please follow this guidance to ensure we meet our responsibilities.<\/p>\n<p>Learning materials and resources<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Make all PowerPoints or other visual aids, reading materials or any other information available at least 48 hours in advance of the sessions to all students.<\/li>\n<li>Record your session and upload as soon as possible to the Ultra page, under the section for the session, for all students. If this is not possible, for example in seminars or labs, provide notes or ask students to provide summaries, and upload after the session<\/li>\n<li>Provide a targeted reading list for each session before the module commences, ensuring the texts are available in the library, online where possible: 1-2 short essential readings, plus recommended and extended readings.<\/li>\n<li>In Ultra, use a range of formats for information: for example provide a short video summary of texts, or link to YouTube or podcasts or other audio material (to provide multiple means of representation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Guidance for Delivery of Teaching<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Be aware of engagement: design your session with 15-20 minute segments followed by a change in activity. Allow 1 minute silent thinking times. Give choice of topic, and offer variety in mode of responses from student activities (for example, feedback to the group orally, or type your answer into mentimeter) ( to provide multiple means of engagement)<\/li>\n<li>At the beginning establish ground rules: that you welcome audio recording; that questions can be posted on a mentimeter, or saved for the end of the session; that students are free to move around or leave if necessary but please keep disruption to a minimum; that discussions should respect opinion and diversity.<\/li>\n<li>Give a session outline or timetable<\/li>\n<li>Be aware that one student may arrive late to the session, and requires a wheelchair space: contact me if there are challenges and I will contact time-tabling. Organise the students so that they can work in groups \u2013 do not leave this student isolated at the front.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Assessment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whether your assessments are formative or summative, ensure that you and the marking team are aware of those students who have reasonable adjustments for disabilities affecting expression, and that you discount criteria for expression in your marks, as this is not a core competence for this module. See the Reasonable Adjustments: Guidance for Teaching staff on this page for more detail.<\/li>\n<li>Provide options for topic, task or mode (to provide multiple means of engagement).<\/li>\n<li>In your feedback, whether written or verbal, be conscious of your language and ensure your comments reflect the learning outcomes, marking criteria and\/or guidance for the task (to provide multiple means of action and expression).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<h3><strong>B. Reasonable Adjustments<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Whilst inclusive practice can meet the learning needs of a large number of students, there will always be some changes to practice that are required to meet the unique specific needs of\u00a0 <span data-contrast=\"none\">individual<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> disabled students. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">For example, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">access to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">recording<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> of lectures is the most common reasonable adjustment, and therefore if th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">is is<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> available to all students, a number of diverse students will benefit, and a great deal of work is saved in administration. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Providing paper handouts in large print, however, w<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ould only be required if you had a visually impaired student in the cohort.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Making <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">reasonable adjustments to teaching practi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ce, and to the organisation of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">programmes and assessments<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, is a legal obligation under the Equality Act 2010.\u00a0<\/span>You can find more detail on the <a href=\"https:\/\/intranet.cardiff.ac.uk\/staff\/supporting-your-work\/teach-and-support-students\/teach-and-assess-students\/assessment-and-feedback\/preparing-and-supporting-students\/reasonable-adjustments-for-students\">Reasonable Adjustment Policy intranet page<\/a>, which has links to the policy, guidance on inclusive practice and reasonable adjustments for teaching Staff, and those who work with postgraduate research students, and further information.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to learn more, <a href=\"https:\/\/intranet.cardiff.ac.uk\/staff\/training-and-development\/staff-courses-and-programmes\/events-and-training\/learning-and-teaching-cpd-2024-2025\">you can sign up for our CPD workshops<\/a>: Disability, Dyslexia and Inclusive Education; Disability and Reasonable Adjustments for PGR students; Accessibility and Digital Education; and an Introduction to Inclusive Education.<\/p>\n<p>You can also contact the Learning and Teaching Academy if you have questions or queries about the policy, reasonable adjustments in general, or inclusive practice for disabled students.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What support is available for disabled students in Cardiff University?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In addition to ensuring your design, teaching and support of students meets their needs and reasonable adjustments, you may want to support students to access the wealth of services available from the Student Life teams. If you are unsure which service may be of benefit, recommend the student visit the Student Connect team, online or in the Centre for Student Life, who will ensure they reach the correct services and receive the appropriate support and assessment.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Assessment for Disabled Students Allowance (benefit which may fund equipment, increased general allowances, or non-medical support)<\/li>\n<li>Assessment of learning need and some forms of screening (for example, for specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia)<\/li>\n<li>Study skills tutors, and specialist tutors (eg for autistic students)<\/li>\n<li>Student mentoring and peer support<\/li>\n<li>Access arrangements and reasonable adjustments<\/li>\n<li>Wellbeing support and Counselling services<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/student-life\/student-support\/student-connect\">Student Connect Team<\/a>: one-stop hub for all student needs, based in the Centre for Student Life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Identification of learning needs and conditions requires specialist knowledge and training, so teaching staff should leave identification of learning needs to these services: if you believe students may benefit, recommend they contact Student Connect or the Student Disability Service to discuss the issues.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>3. Focus on Conditions<\/strong><\/h2>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\"><title>Globe<\/title><path d=\"M15,2a15,15,0,1,1,0,30A15,15,0,0,1,0,17,15,15,0,0,1,15,2ZM10.34,7.44L10,8a5.88,5.88,0,0,0-.31.63C9.53,9.06,9.31,9.53,9.16,10H14V4.16a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-.66.25,5,5,0,0,0-.69.41,6.52,6.52,0,0,0-1.22,1.09,10.24,10.24,0,0,0-1.09,1.53h0ZM16,10h4.84c-0.09-.22-0.16-0.47-0.25-0.69A12.87,12.87,0,0,0,20,8a5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.34-0.56,10.13,10.13,0,0,0-1.09-1.53,6.55,6.55,0,0,0-1.22-1.09,7.68,7.68,0,0,0-.66-0.41A3.67,3.67,0,0,0,16,4.16V10h0ZM5.81,7.81q-0.52.52-.94,1C4.59,9.22,4.28,9.63,4,10H7A15.68,15.68,0,0,1,8.09,7.44,11.33,11.33,0,0,1,9.41,5.28,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,7.5,6.38,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,5.81,7.81ZM23,10h3c-0.25-.37-0.56-0.78-0.84-1.16a13.7,13.7,0,0,0-.94-1A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,22.5,6.38a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-1.91-1.09,13.28,13.28,0,0,1,1.34,2.16A19,19,0,0,1,23,10h0ZM6.5,12H3a9,9,0,0,0-.62,2A10.61,10.61,0,0,0,2,16H6a14.66,14.66,0,0,1,.16-2.06c0.09-.66.19-1.31,0.31-1.94h0ZM14,12H8.56c-0.16.63-.25,1.31-0.34,2A10.67,10.67,0,0,0,8,16h6V12h0Zm2,0v4h6a14.19,14.19,0,0,0-.16-2c-0.12-.66-0.22-1.34-0.37-2H16Zm8,4h4a13.75,13.75,0,0,0-.31-2A11.21,11.21,0,0,0,27,12H23.5c0.13,0.63.22,1.28,0.31,1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,24,16h0ZM3,22H6.5c-0.12-.62-0.22-1.28-0.31-1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,6,18H2a10.6,10.6,0,0,0,.34,2A9,9,0,0,0,3,22H3Zm11-4H8a10.67,10.67,0,0,0,.19,2c0.09,0.66.19,1.34,0.34,2H14V18h0Zm2,4h5.44c0.16-.62.25-1.31,0.38-2A14.06,14.06,0,0,0,22,18H16v4Zm7.5,0H27a11.21,11.21,0,0,0,.66-2A13.9,13.9,0,0,0,28,18H24a14.66,14.66,0,0,1-.16,2.06c-0.09.66-.19,1.31-0.31,1.94h0ZM7,24H4c0.25,0.38.56,0.78,0.84,1.13a9.9,9.9,0,0,0,.94,1.06A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,7.5,27.63a11.51,11.51,0,0,0,1.91,1.09,11.33,11.33,0,0,1-1.31-2.16A15.79,15.79,0,0,1,7,24H7Zm2.12,0,0.28,0.69A7,7,0,0,0,10,26c0.09,0.22.22,0.41,0.31,0.59a9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09,1.5,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22,1.13,3,3,0,0,0,.69.38,2,2,0,0,0,.66.28V24H9.16Zm10.5,2.56c0.09-.19.22-0.37,0.34-0.59s0.22-.41.31-0.62c0.19-.44.38-0.87,0.53-1.34H16v5.84a2.45,2.45,0,0,0,.69-0.28,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.66-0.37,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22-1.12,9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09-1.5h0Zm4.53-.37a10,10,0,0,0,.94-1.06c0.28-.34.59-0.75,0.84-1.12H23a19.07,19.07,0,0,1-1,2.56,13.28,13.28,0,0,1-1.34,2.16,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,1.91-1.09,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,1.69-1.44h0Z\" transform=\"translate(0 -2)\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Points for Reflection<\/h3>                <p>Try these exercises, and reflect:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What were the challenges? <\/li>\n<li>How was your concentration? <\/li>\n<li>How would this translate if note taking in a lecture hall?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Non-Dominant Hand: <\/b>Write a 100-word paragraph explaining your teaching experience using your non-dominant hand<\/p>\n<p><b>Cognitive Processing: <\/b>Copy this sentence out, backwards. Try to check your backwards writing for mistakes.<\/p>\n<p><b>Dyslexia Exercise: <\/b>Read the 'Dyslexia Exercise: Backwards Writing' passage below, and reflect on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The skills you used to decode it.<\/li>\n<li>The frequency and types of error you made in reading it.<\/li>\n<li>How much of the content you understood in the first reading.<\/li>\n<li>If you found the reading of this paragraph tiring or a strain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"post-3603 media-3603\" class=\"image w-50 align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/11\/dyslexia-exercise.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Dyslexia Exercise: Backwards Writing<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p><strong>Individuality and Intersectionality<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Before reading on to explore the range of learning needs or impairments students may have, it is important to consider the challenges of labels and categorisation, and their intersection with other aspects of diversity.<\/p>\n<p>Despite an identical label, two students with the same condition will not have the same learning needs, experiences or outcomes. For example, while two students may both be identified as being dyslexic, they will have differing strengths and challenges \u2013 one may struggle with spelling, while the other may struggle with organisation and structuring of assignments.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, other aspects of diversity will impact on their interaction with their learning and the university. For example, those who are first in their family to go to university are less likely to understand their rights to adjustments, or to confidently access support, adjustments or accommodations (Bunbury 2020).<\/p>\n<p>Click on the title below to access more detail on each of the range of conditions, which includes consideration of the lived experience of students, key recommendations for teaching strategies for this group, and access to further information. <div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Neurodiversity<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-1\"><p><strong>Neurodiversity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Neurodiversity describes the idea that people experience and interact with the world around them in many different ways; there is no one \"right\" way of thinking, learning, and behaving, and\u00a0differences are not viewed as deficits. The word neurodiversity refers to the diversity of all people, but it is often used in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as other neurological or developmental conditions such as ADHD or learning disabilities.\u00a0(Baumer 2021 in Hamilton and Petty 2023)<\/p>\n<p>From a neurodiversity perspective, these differences in the way people perceive, learn about and interact with the world are conceptualised as naturally occurring cognitive variation, akin to biodiversity in the natural environment\u2026 (Hamilton and Petty 2023)<\/p>\n<p>Hamilton, L. and Petty, s. 2023. Compassionate pedagogy for neurodiversity in higher education: A conceptual analysis<em>. Frontiers in Psychology<\/em> Vol 14 Feb 2023. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1093290\/full\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1093290\/full<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Neurodiversity therefore is the concept that brain differences are natural variations \u2013 not deficits, disorders or impairments. The terms neurodivergent and neurodivergence are now used to describe all people whose neurological differences mean they do not consider themselves to be neurotypical. Neurotypicality is used to describe people whose brain functions, ways of processing information and behaviours are seen to be standard (The Brain Charity 2022).<\/p>\n<p>Autism, dyslexia, dyspraxia, and ADHD are all examples of neurodivergence, although these can also fall under the category of \u2018specific learning difficulty\/difference\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lived Experience<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes from Cardiff University Students:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cI can absorb and repeat information back to you, but not in a logical sequence\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2026we often face barriers to confidence, keeping routines, motivation, and getting top grades\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201c I feel like I can\u2019t ask, that I will seem annoying and stupid\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen you have learning difficulties or dyslexia, you tend to judge yourself a lot more and I was quite hard on myself: I used to get very frustrated...\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI get accused of daydreaming\u2026but to take in what\u2019s being said, I have to read things 6 times\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Recommendations for Teaching Strategies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clearly explain what students can expect and what is expected, plus provide a module or session map;<\/li>\n<li>Establish mutual understanding of what is being spoken and what is being implied;<\/li>\n<li>Provide a structure for in-person sessions, catch-up via recordings, and independent tasks;<\/li>\n<li>Use a consistent structure for Ultra pages across modules<\/li>\n<li>Consider ways to limit sensory overload or hypersensitivity, including planned breaks, quiet areas and silent thinking time<\/li>\n<li>Offer flexible working hours where possible,<\/li>\n<li>Consider choice of seating, choice to work alone, and ability to move around<\/li>\n<li>Allocate tasks based on strengths (eg group work)Name a contact person for consistency and clarity of communication<\/li>\n<li>Use UDL as a compassionate pedagogy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">(Hamilton and Petty 2023)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lived Experience<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Listen to a description of the learning and teaching experiences of three Cardiff University colleagues, which highlight the impact of neurodivergence on learning in the <a href=\"https:\/\/sway.cloud.microsoft\/AVBzsnJoOnKjBPd1?ref=Link\">Cardiff University Disability and Dyslexia Resource.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- HTML Code: Place this code in the document's body (between the 'body' tags) where the table should appear --><\/p>\n<p><strong>More Information<\/strong><br \/>\nTo read more about neurodiversity, read the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.education.ox.ac.uk\/project\/neurodivergent-education-for-students-teaching-learning-nestl\/\">NESTLE toolkit for teaching neurodivergent students<\/a>. You can also <a href=\"https:\/\/xerte.cardiff.ac.uk\/play_21172\">access this comprehensive neurodiversity resource,<\/a> (click here for new tab, or below) created by the Cardiff University Student Disability Service.<\/p>\n<p>You can also access t<a href=\"https:\/\/autismwales.org\/en\/education\/autism-aware-certification\/\">his learning module by Autism Wales\u00a0<\/a>, or take the free Open University course, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/science-maths-technology\/understanding-autism\/content-section-overview?active-tab=content-tab\">Understanding Autism.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"position: relative; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 0;\" src=\" https:\/\/xerte.cardiff.ac.uk\/play_21172\" width=\"802\" height=\"602\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Specific Learning Difficulties (including dyslexia)<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-2\"><p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ssxu75oUMBI?si=_QNqd82vN9TxJlmR\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. Characteristic features of dyslexia are difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory and verbal processing speed. Dyslexia occurs across the range of intellectual abilities. It is best thought of as a continuum, not a distinct category, and there are no clear cut-off points. Co-occurring difficulties may be seen in aspects of language, motor co-ordination, mental calculation, concentration and personal organisation, but these are not, by themselves, markers of dyslexia. (BDA 2023)<\/p>\n<p>The construct is still poorly understood (Snowling, 2008). There exists a plethora of definitions, leading to a lack of consensus on what dyslexia is and how it is assessed (Ryder, 2016). There is a growing movement towards identifying an individual\u2019s learning difficulties based not on black and white categorical conditions but on dimensional classification allied to personalised provision.<\/p>\n<p>Findings on institutional provision and lecturer perspectives in HE for specific learning difficulties suggest notable differences in the types and consistency of support offered across institutions, which causes huge challenges for students. The most frequently used model is that of relying on additional learning support (ALS), where support is provided outside of the usual contact time, rather than the recommended approach of inclusive education (Ryder and Norwich 2018).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes from Cardiff University Students<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cDyslexia for me means that I\u2019m like a computer system where my brain is the computer, and my hand is a printer, but they are disconnected\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI decided to pick modules that were more coursework than exams because I felt that I would I do better in written assessments, like coursework because I have time to look over it and read it to understand it.\"<\/p>\n<p>\"I struggle with sentence structures and organizing all my work. When I get to an exam, I almost like throw it all out there and I struggle organizing into a cohesive argument. For an example, last year I took an autumn exam, I answered, I tried to answer one of the questions. I had all the information down there. I had eleven citations in it and I got 48 per cent, a 40 mark. When I went back for feedback, they said that all the information was there, it was really really good. But it wasn\u2019t organized, it wasn\u2019t structured, they couldn\u2019t actually see, see how it flowed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Recommendations for Teaching Strategies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide clear expectations and a module and session map<\/li>\n<li>Make resources available in advance<\/li>\n<li>Record sessions and make available to all (high degree of non-disclosure for SpLD)<\/li>\n<li>Ensure all resources are accessible, and can be accessed by accessibility software (eg not locked PDF). Follow digital accessibility guidelines.<\/li>\n<li>Plan for a range of activities and modes (written, oral, individual and group work) to aid concentration<\/li>\n<li>Enable movement within the session and consider ways to limit sensory overload<\/li>\n<li>Support and structure the development of physical activity and skills, as well as cognitive development<\/li>\n<li>Enable choice in modes of expression, for in-class and assessment work<\/li>\n<li>Allocate tasks based on strengths<\/li>\n<li>UDL as a compassionate pedagogy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>More information<br \/>\nTo read more about Dyslexia, Undertake training on Dyslexia Awareness: There is a free <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/training\/paths\/dyslexia-training\/\">Dyslexia Awareness online training module<\/a> from Microsoft, or read this book: Pavey et al. 2010. <a href=\"https:\/\/librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk\/permalink\/44WHELF_CAR\/1fseqj3\/alma9911781414402420\">Dyslexia-friendly Further and Higher Education.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This book provides <a href=\"https:\/\/librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk\/permalink\/44WHELF_CAR\/c1t5b\/alma9912313937302420\">a useful guide to academic writing for dyslexic students<\/a>: Academic Writing and Dyslexia: A visual guide to writing at university (Wallbank 2023).<\/p>\n<p>Or watch this facinating podcast:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LZB6K4xcnrE?si=YfHqBm1P122dHuC7\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\"  xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 96 96\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><g><path d=\"M48,20c1.1,0,2,.9,2,2s-.9,2-2,2-2-.9-2-2s.9-2,2-2ZM60,80c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-7v-50.8c.9-.5,1.7-1.3,2.2-2.2h19.2L66.8,54h4.1l4.4-22.8L80.9,54h4.1L77.7,25h1.3c1.7,0,3-1.3,3-3s-1.3-3-3-3h-25.8c-.5-.9-1.3-1.7-2.2-2.2v-5.8c0-1.7-1.3-3-3-3s-3,1.3-3,3v5.8c-.9.5-1.7,1.3-2.2,2.2L17,19c-1.7,0-3,1.3-3,3c0,1.4,1,2.7,2.4,2.9L10.7,54h4.1l4.4-22.8L24.9,54h4.1L21.7,25h21c.5.9,1.3,1.7,2.2,2.2v50.8h-7c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v2L24,82v6h48v-6h-12v-2Z\"\/><path d=\"M32,57h-24c0,3.3,5.4,6,12,6s12-2.7,12-6Z\"\/><path d=\"M64,57c0,3.3,5.4,6,12,6s12-2.7,12-6h-24Z\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Sustainability Tip<\/h3>                <p>Education for Sustainable Development is often associated with a move away from didactic, lecture-based learning, and essay writing, towards more experiential learning, through tools such as teamwork, case studies, scenario planning, debate, dialogue, reflection and role play. A focus on oral production may benefit students with dyslexia.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    <\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-3\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Sensory Impairment<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-3\"><p>Students with a sensory impairment are less prevalent in our Higher Education community (50-100 students per year, in Cardiff University), but it is likely you will teach someone with a sensory impairment during your career. Disabled students with a sensory impairment have specific and in some instances specialised learning needs, and you may need to work closely with the Disability Service to ensure you can meet these needs.<\/p>\n<p>Visually impaired students may have some vision, useful either for close or distance work, even if categorised as \u2018blind\u2019. They will encounter barriers to learning in accessing visual materials, for which they may need to use specialised magnification or speech software. They may also encounter barriers in relation to navigating the university environment, accessing physical spaces, or practical tasks.<\/p>\n<p>Students may be deaf, or Deaf: The word deaf is used to describe anyone who does not hear very much. Deaf with a capital D refers to people who have been deaf all their lives, or since before they started to learn to talk. Deaf people tend to communicate in sign language as their first language. For most Deaf people English is an additional language, and understanding complicated messages in English can be a problem (Signhealth 2023).\u00a0 There is a very strong and close Deaf community with its own culture and sense of identity, based on a shared language.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quote from Cardiff University Student<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is all in the description, you have to really think about it; how are you describing what is going on visually, in such a way as we can follow and repeat what you are doing? Are we actually following what is being demonstrated or shown, or are teachers assuming you can see the demonstration or slides?\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Recommendations for Teaching Strategies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For Deaf or deaf students:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide all materials at least 48 hours in advance<\/li>\n<li>Provide a recording of the session<\/li>\n<li>Check the teaching space has good lighting and a hearing loop and\/or use a microphone<\/li>\n<li>Face the audience when speaking and speak naturally but clearly<\/li>\n<li>Provide captions or transcripts for all audio, including live and recorded online sessions, and online videos<\/li>\n<li>If British Sign Language interpreters are used, speak to the person, not the interpreter<\/li>\n<li>Offer a range of modes of assessment, including an opportunity to present in alternative formats, eg BSL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For visually impaired students:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide all resources at least 48 hours in advance<\/li>\n<li>Provide Alt Text, and\/or an audio-description of graphs, diagrams or images<\/li>\n<li>Provide a recording of the session with captions or transcript.<\/li>\n<li>Audio describe demonstrations or provide opportunity for one-to-one training in practical tasks<\/li>\n<li>Be aware of mobility challenges \u2013 ability to move from locations, time and likelihood of lateness<\/li>\n<li>Follow digital accessibility guidelines, using accessible documents, fonts and background. For more information on digital accessibility, read our Digital Accessibility Toolkit page<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-4\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Physical Impairments<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-4\"><p>Students with physical impairments may have difficulties with mobility, manual dexterity or speech. Some might use a wheelchair all or some of the time. They might need support with personal care. Some physical impairments are fluctuating in impact and, as with all disabled students, it is important to talk to the student about what is most useful to them.<\/p>\n<p>Depending on the impairment, a student with a mobility issue or a physical impairment may have difficulty with managing the distance between different learning activities, with carrying materials, or with notetaking, completing practicals or presentations, and may take longer to ask or answer questions.<\/p>\n<p>Students with physical impairments may need a Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan (PEEP) in case of an emergency, which will be recorded in SIMs by your Disability Contact in the School.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quote from Cardiff University Student<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe most frustrating thing is going into lectures late, and getting looks from lecturers, or students \u2013 when I have to rush everywhere, use back doors, find my way into lifts, wait for the one disabled toilet in the break. And then sit on my own at the front, like Billy bloody no mates.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Recommendations for Teaching Strategies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensure buildings and rooms are accessible for wheelchair users<\/li>\n<li>Give 24 hours notice for changes to venue<\/li>\n<li>Check location of wheelchair-accessible spaces including height adjustable tables<\/li>\n<li>Ensure the student isn\u2019t isolated from peers for active learning\u2013 request students sit at the front: put students in groups with peers, not with support workers<\/li>\n<li>Consider transition and movement around the room for small group tasks<\/li>\n<li>Allow for time in between sessions, as students may be late \u2013 liaise with the student and timetabling.<\/li>\n<li>Be aware that a physical disability may result in more hospital appointments and or\/ ill health<\/li>\n<li>Discount disability related problems with verbal expression for those with a speech impairment in presentations or oral examinations<\/li>\n<li>Consider placements, practical tasks or labs, and fieldtrips and ensure fully accessible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-5\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Mental Health<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-conditions-accordion-5\"><p>There has been a surge in students with mental health conditions over the last 10 years (UCAS 2022; <a href=\"https:\/\/hub.studentminds.org.uk\/insight-briefings\/\">Student Minds 2023<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Findings from research Student Minds conducted in November 2022 identified key themes in relation to students\u2019 mental health, including the cost of living crisis, and wellbeing support. Headline findings:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1 in 3 have poor mental wellbeing, according to the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS).<\/li>\n<li>One quarter of students surveyed said they have a current, diagnosed mental health issue.<\/li>\n<li>30% of students surveyed said their mental health had got worse since beginning university.<\/li>\n<li>59% of students surveyed said that managing money was a cause of stress \u2018often\u2019 or \u2018all of the time\u2019 \u2013 an increase of thirteen percentage points compared to 2020\/21.<\/li>\n<li>1 in 4 students surveyed would not know where to go to get mental health support at university if they needed it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cardiff has a range of support mechanisms available for students.\u00a0This padlet brings together a wealth of information for students with issues with mental health and well-being: <a href=\"https:\/\/padlet.com\/studentcommunications1\/cardiff-university-mental-health-and-wellbeing-communication-bn9szs4d5w5ecocs\">Mental Health and Communications toolkit<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"section 2\"><strong>4. Deeper Dive<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Section 1: Models of Disability<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"post-3667 media-3667\" class=\"image w-100 align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 355px;height: 227px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/medical-model.png\" alt=\"Medical model of disability where the individual is the problem. Traditional view: disability is caused by physical sensory or medical impairment, the individual is impaired, and is the problem, and the focus is on the medical profession providing a cure or alleviating the effect of the impairment.\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: Medical Model of Disability (IASC 2019)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As summarised in the introduction to this page, the medical model of disability is prevalent in the UK, and conceives of disability as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intrinsic to the individual<\/li>\n<li>Caused by physical, sensory or medical impairment<\/li>\n<li>A \u2018condition\u2019 in need of treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This leads to medically-dominated provision of services, based around diagnoses, with an aim to \u2018normalise\u2019 individuals through therapeutic intervention.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Charity, Tragedy or Moral Model<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A related understanding is the tragedy model, often used in adverts and fund-raising, where the tragic \u2018victim\u2019 is seen as deserving pity and help, or if the person is portrayed as \u2018over-coming suffering\u2019, they become the inspiring role-model.<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\"><title>Globe<\/title><path d=\"M15,2a15,15,0,1,1,0,30A15,15,0,0,1,0,17,15,15,0,0,1,15,2ZM10.34,7.44L10,8a5.88,5.88,0,0,0-.31.63C9.53,9.06,9.31,9.53,9.16,10H14V4.16a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-.66.25,5,5,0,0,0-.69.41,6.52,6.52,0,0,0-1.22,1.09,10.24,10.24,0,0,0-1.09,1.53h0ZM16,10h4.84c-0.09-.22-0.16-0.47-0.25-0.69A12.87,12.87,0,0,0,20,8a5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.34-0.56,10.13,10.13,0,0,0-1.09-1.53,6.55,6.55,0,0,0-1.22-1.09,7.68,7.68,0,0,0-.66-0.41A3.67,3.67,0,0,0,16,4.16V10h0ZM5.81,7.81q-0.52.52-.94,1C4.59,9.22,4.28,9.63,4,10H7A15.68,15.68,0,0,1,8.09,7.44,11.33,11.33,0,0,1,9.41,5.28,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,7.5,6.38,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,5.81,7.81ZM23,10h3c-0.25-.37-0.56-0.78-0.84-1.16a13.7,13.7,0,0,0-.94-1A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,22.5,6.38a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-1.91-1.09,13.28,13.28,0,0,1,1.34,2.16A19,19,0,0,1,23,10h0ZM6.5,12H3a9,9,0,0,0-.62,2A10.61,10.61,0,0,0,2,16H6a14.66,14.66,0,0,1,.16-2.06c0.09-.66.19-1.31,0.31-1.94h0ZM14,12H8.56c-0.16.63-.25,1.31-0.34,2A10.67,10.67,0,0,0,8,16h6V12h0Zm2,0v4h6a14.19,14.19,0,0,0-.16-2c-0.12-.66-0.22-1.34-0.37-2H16Zm8,4h4a13.75,13.75,0,0,0-.31-2A11.21,11.21,0,0,0,27,12H23.5c0.13,0.63.22,1.28,0.31,1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,24,16h0ZM3,22H6.5c-0.12-.62-0.22-1.28-0.31-1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,6,18H2a10.6,10.6,0,0,0,.34,2A9,9,0,0,0,3,22H3Zm11-4H8a10.67,10.67,0,0,0,.19,2c0.09,0.66.19,1.34,0.34,2H14V18h0Zm2,4h5.44c0.16-.62.25-1.31,0.38-2A14.06,14.06,0,0,0,22,18H16v4Zm7.5,0H27a11.21,11.21,0,0,0,.66-2A13.9,13.9,0,0,0,28,18H24a14.66,14.66,0,0,1-.16,2.06c-0.09.66-.19,1.31-0.31,1.94h0ZM7,24H4c0.25,0.38.56,0.78,0.84,1.13a9.9,9.9,0,0,0,.94,1.06A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,7.5,27.63a11.51,11.51,0,0,0,1.91,1.09,11.33,11.33,0,0,1-1.31-2.16A15.79,15.79,0,0,1,7,24H7Zm2.12,0,0.28,0.69A7,7,0,0,0,10,26c0.09,0.22.22,0.41,0.31,0.59a9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09,1.5,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22,1.13,3,3,0,0,0,.69.38,2,2,0,0,0,.66.28V24H9.16Zm10.5,2.56c0.09-.19.22-0.37,0.34-0.59s0.22-.41.31-0.62c0.19-.44.38-0.87,0.53-1.34H16v5.84a2.45,2.45,0,0,0,.69-0.28,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.66-0.37,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22-1.12,9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09-1.5h0Zm4.53-.37a10,10,0,0,0,.94-1.06c0.28-.34.59-0.75,0.84-1.12H23a19.07,19.07,0,0,1-1,2.56,13.28,13.28,0,0,1-1.34,2.16,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,1.91-1.09,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,1.69-1.44h0Z\" transform=\"translate(0 -2)\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Activity<\/h3>                <p class=\"MsoNormal\">Compare this 1960s image of fundraising for the charity SCOPE, for example, with today\u2019s messaging. What are the differences in the portrayal of disabled people?<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-3672 media-3672\" class=\"image w25 align-left\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/Help-spastics.jpg\" alt=\"A child putting money in a plastic model of a disabled child, who has callipers on her legs and a sad expression, holding a sign saying 'help spastics'\" \/><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"post-3673 media-3673\" class=\"image w-50 align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/Scope-image.jpg\" alt=\"Scope = equality for disabled people. We won't stop until we achieve a society where all disabled people enjoy equality and fairness. Picture of a woman smiling, sitting in a wheelchair with a group of other people\" \/><\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<h4><strong>The Social Model of Disability<\/strong><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"post-3689 media-3689\" class=\"image w-100 align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 348px;height: 207px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/social-model.png\" alt=\"Social model - society presents barriers to the individual, through environment (inaccessible buildings, services, communication and language), attitudes (prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping) and organisations inflexible procedures and practices).\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: Social Model of Disability (IASC 2019)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The frequently cited landmark in the development of disability theory was the publication of the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS) document Fundamental Principles of Disability in 1976:<\/p>\n<p>\u2018In our view, it is society which disables physically impaired people. Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments, by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society. Disabled people are therefore an oppressed group in society.\u2019 (UPIAS 1976: 3)<\/p>\n<p><u>Impairment\u00a0<\/u>is the condition \u2026 lacking a part or all of a limb, having a defective limb, organ or part of the body<\/p>\n<p><u>Disability\u00a0<\/u>is identified as separate from impairment, with disability being defined as \u2018the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by contemporary social organisation which takes no or little account of people who have impairments and thus excludes them from the mainstream of social activities.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>There have been challenges and extensions to the medical and social models of disability, and the field is constantly expanding to respond to modern conditions and circumstances.<\/p>\n<h4>Post-Structuralist Models of Disability<\/h4>\n<p>A number of scholars have noted that the Social Model appeared to become a \u2018sacred cow\u2019 in that any debate about its veracity was seen by activists to reflect discriminatory attitudes and to support medicalised, essentialist notions of disability. Post-modernists argued that the Social Model ignored actual impairment, and therefore failed to acknowledge issues of embodiment.<\/p>\n<p>Some such as Shakespeare argued that the binary opposition of impairment (as physical) and disability (as social) fails to address the social nature of physical impairments, or the practical reality that a disability is caused by impairment (Shakespeare 2006: 34). Post-structuralist accounts incorporate more complex theories of the subject, and claim that \u2018the meta-narrative of\u00a0disabled people\u00a0does not recognise diversity within the category of disability, and the significance of the intersection of disability with other axes of inequality, such as gender or race : the issue of intersectionality, power and privilege (Shakespeare and Corker 2002:15).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-3692 media-3692\" class=\"image w-100 align-none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" style=\"width: 382px;height: 380px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/12\/wheel-of-power-priviedge-intersectionality.jpg\" alt=\"Wheel of power and privilidge showing the significance of intersectionality (Duckworth 2022)\" width=\"481\" height=\"479\" \/><\/figure>\n<h4>Figure: The Wheel of Power and Privilege ((Duckworth 2019)<\/h4>\n<h4>The Social Relational Model<\/h4>\n<p>In Thomas\u2019s (1999) synthesised account of disability, it is the interaction between impairment and disability in a social setting which creates oppression.<\/p>\n<p>Disability is a form of social oppression involving the social imposition of restrictions of activity on people with impairments and the socially engendered undermining of their psycho-emotional wellbeing (Thomas, 1999: 7). Disability only comes into play when the restrictions of activity experienced by people with impairments are socially imposed. Thomas conceptualised impairment as having both a physical dysfunction dimension and a socially constructed dimension. She conceived disability to be the restrictions to daily living caused by both the impairment and the social arrangements which result in the oppression of disabled people, and drew on feminist theorists to extend the definition to include the psycho-emotional dimensions of disability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Post-Humanism and Disability Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Posthuman disability theory\u00a0critiques traditional humanism, which defines &#8220;human&#8221; through ableist ideals of perfection, arguing that disability exposes the outdated nature of the concept of the human (Goodley 2024)<\/p>\n<p>It examines how emerging technologies and changing relationships with non-human elements (like biotechnology, genetics, AI and animals) challenge and expand understandings of the body, identity, and agency.<\/p>\n<p>Critique of Humanism:<\/p>\n<p>Posthuman disability theory directly challenges humanist ideals that centre on a white, male, and non-disabled subject, viewing this definition of the &#8220;human&#8221; as inherently flawed and outdated.<\/p>\n<h4>Further Developments of the Theoretical Models<\/h4>\n<p>For an excellent summary of the development of Disability Theory beyond the above models, including consideration of global models which acknowledge variation in ideas beyond a Westernised perspective, read Dan Goodley\u2019s introductory chapter from his book,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk\/permalink\/44WHELF_CAR\/1fseqj3\/alma9911831170302420\">Disability Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(2017, pages 1-21). This encompasses four over-arching models of disability: social, minority, cultural and relational, which begin the process of decolonising the discipline, and paying attention to under-represented approaches.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Section 2: Research Findings on Disability and Higher Education<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Morina (2017: 5) completed a detailed systematic literature review of the issues for disabled students, and summarised the lived experience detailed in the research: \u2018These students\u2019 paths are frequently very difficult, somewhat like an obstacle course, and students even define themselves as survivors and long-distance runners\u2019. The author highlighted the key findings across many studies:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>negative attitudes displayed by teaching staff<\/li>\n<li>architectural barriers;<\/li>\n<li>inaccessible information and technology;<\/li>\n<li>rules and policies that are not actually enforced<\/li>\n<li>teaching methodologies that do not favour inclusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition, she highlighted the low disclosure rate for \u2018hidden disabilities\u2019. She found that students\u2019 perceptions about hidden disabilities are closely related to the concept of \u2018normality\u2019, and they may choose non-disclosure if they desire to be considered and treated as \u2018normal\u2019. They may also choose not to share their disability if they feel that disclosure would place them at a disadvantage or they the fear being stigmatised or labelled, or simply because they think they have no special needs or disability. She also found that universities are still largely driven to provide individual reasonable adjustments, particularly in relation to learner support services, rather than universal, inclusive provision (Collins et al. 2019: 1485).<\/p>\n<p>BUT most significantly,\u00a0<strong>outcomes in most categories were found to be similar to non-disabled peers:\u00a0<\/strong>it is the lived experience, and the journey through the university, through teaching practices, attitudes, resits, interruptions of study, or the challenges of extenuating circumstances, which creates the disadvantage and exclusion of disabled students.<\/p>\n<p>There were three key topics across a number of studies: attitudes of the faculty members towards disabled students; faculty training in disability and inclusive education; and universal design for learning strategies (Morina 2016; Collins et al, 2019).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Attitudes:\u00a0<\/strong>Research shows that in the main academic staff showed a positive attitude towards disabilities but although they valued the strategies of inclusive education in theory, they did not implement them in practice. Interestingly, these results do not coincide with the opinions of the disabled students, who identified the attitudes of the faculty members towards them as the most significant barrier.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Training:<\/strong>\u00a0there was a need identified for faculty for training and sensitisation towards disabilities. Attitudes of faculty members improved after they had been trained and had more experience in how to respond to the needs of the disabled students.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Universal Design for Learning<\/strong>: Students benefit from academic staff who apply the principles of the universal design for learning. If the faculty members used universal design, adaptations would not be necessary. Universal design for learning benefits all students, with or without disabilities (Edwards et al 2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Disability and Assessment: Nieminen et al. (2024): Literature Review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the study, 40 of the 42 studies examined reported experiences of exclusion.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers noted two intertwined yet partly separate missions of preventing exclusion and promoting inclusion in assessment. Findings regarding exclusion were alarming. For example, 12 of the 42 studies reported outright experiences of discrimination. The first step towards more inclusive assessment is thus to prevent such exclusionary assessment situations.<\/p>\n<p>Assessment is an important technology for regulating the inclusion\/exclusion of students with disabilities in HE. This clashes with the conceptualisation of assessment as an objective, \u2018neutral\u2019 process of measuring cognitive learning outcomes, and highlights the socially constructed and ableist nature of assessment.<\/p>\n<p>Nieminen, J. H., Anabel Mori\u00f1a, and Gilda Biagiotti. 2024c. \u201cAssessment as a Matter of Inclusion: A Meta-Ethnographic Review of the Assessment Experiences of Students with Disabilities in Higher Education.\u201d\u00a0<em>Educational Research Review<\/em> 42: 100582. doi:10.1016\/j.edurev.2023.100582.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The Role of Personal Agency<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Recent research has explored the role of personal agency, self-regulation, self-advocacy and self-care, and has suggested the need for progressive accommodations to support disabled students\u2019 development: \u2018A significant challenge for HEIs is how to find an appropriate balance between creating \u2018inclusive\u2019 learning environments which accommodate all students, recognise where it is necessary to make specific adjustments for individuals with particular needs, and work in partnership with the learner.\u2019 (Hewitt et al. 2018: 766).<\/p>\n<p>In this approach we recognise students may initially require individualised support and reasonable adjustments, but work with them to develop independence, self-advocacy and agency, reducing accommodations and enabling their progress towards independence and employability.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-3583 media-3583\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"width: 220px;height: 146px\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2023\/11\/Balancing-inclusive-design-and-individual-agency-e1701260985251.png\" alt=\"Diagram linking inclusive practices, individual adjustments and personal agency in a circle, 'progressive mutual accommodations' in between.\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure: Balancing inclusive design, individual adjustments and individual agency for students with disabilities in higher education (Hewitt et al. 2020).<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Recording of Disability and Reasonable Adjustments Section<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"image w-100\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiff.cloud.panopto.eu\/Panopto\/Pages\/Viewer.aspx?id=879564c1-42d1-4fc1-973d-b26c00828b54\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>Digital Accessibility<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"section1\">Getting Started with Digital Accessibility<\/h3>\n<p>Ensuring accessibility in our teaching and learning is essential for supporting the needs of our diverse community. By making our resources and online environments accessible, we help all students and staff achieve their full potential.<\/p>\n<h2>Why digital accessibility is important<\/h2>\n<p>Digital accessibility ensures that everyone has equal access to information and opportunities. In the UK, approximately one in five people have a disability, including around eight million working-age individuals (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthandwellbeing\/bulletins\/disabilityenglandandwales\/census2021\">Office for National Statistics Census 2021<\/a>). This includes many of our students and staff. By creating accessible digital environments, we ensure that everyone can fully engage in academic and professional activities.<\/p>\n<h2>The social model of disability<\/h2>\n<p>The social model of disability proposes that it is not the individual\u2019s impairment that is disabling, but rather societal barriers and attitudes (Oliver 1990, Scope 2024). This perspective shifts the focus from what individuals cannot do to what society can do to remove barriers. By making our digital content accessible, we actively remove obstacles and create an inclusive environment.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal obligations and accessible design<\/h2>\n<p>Accessibility standards are best practices that improve the experiences of everyone in all areas of learning and work. The University is legally required to meet accessibility standards on its websites, intranets, and mobile apps. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2010\/15\/contents\">The Equality Act (2010)<\/a> places a legal responsibility on us all to not only make reasonable adjustments for individuals but also proactively design our digital environments to be accessible. Recent regulations,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2018\/952\/contents\/made\"> The Public Sector Bodies Accessibility Requirements (2020),<\/a> reinforce this legal obligation by requiring public sector organisations, including universities, to ensure all digital materials are accessible. Cardiff University is committed to this goal, making digital accessibility a key objective in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/public-information\/equality-and-diversity\/strategic-equality-plan\">Strategic Equality Plan.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Digital accessibility principles<\/h2>\n<p>Digital accessibility means that people can access information, learn, and do what they need to do in a similar amount of time and effort as others, whether they have a disability or not. To achieve this, content and activities need to be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Accessible:<\/strong> Information must be easily accessible in various formats for different senses (hearing, sight, etc.). For instance, use alternative text (Alt text) for images, captions for videos, and transcripts for audio content.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Understandable: <\/strong>Information should make sense to anyone accessing it. This includes using clear and simple language, providing instructions, and ensuring predictable navigation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Usable:\u00a0<\/strong>Users should be able to easily navigate, interact with, and move through the content. It should be compatible with assistive technologies, such as screen readers, and provide enough time for users to engage with and understand the material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Steps to enhancing digital accessibility:<\/h2>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 1. Choose appropriate tools:<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-1\"><p>Create and deliver your materials and activities using tools that support accessible content. Tools used by the university (e.g., Microsoft Office tools, Panopto) typically meet accessibility requirements. Ensure any external materials you use also meet accessibility standards.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 2. Create Accessible Learning Materials<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-2\"><p><strong>a. General Guidelines:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Use technology thoughtfully to minimise barriers and enhance accessibility.<br \/>\n\u2022 Provide materials electronically, in advance where possible, to allow learners to adjust settings to their needs, such as font size or colour contrast.<br \/>\n<strong>b. Word Documents:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Save documents in accessible formats like Rich Text Format (.rtf) or HTML.<br \/>\n\u2022 Use a table of contents for long documents for easy navigation.<br \/>\n\u2022 Avoid floating text boxes; they can disrupt the reading sequence for screen readers.<br \/>\n<strong>c. PDFs:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for scanned documents to make text readable.<br \/>\n\u2022 Ensure tables are described in text or include alternative text (\u2018Alt text\u2019).<br \/>\n\u2022 Create tagged PDFs for better accessibility using tools like Adobe Acrobat or Microsoft Office.<br \/>\n<strong>d. Presentations:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Provide detailed notes in the \u2018Notes\u2019 field to supplement bullet points.<br \/>\n\u2022 Describe images with \u2018alt text\u2019 tags or notes.<br \/>\n\u2022 Use animations purposefully and ensure they are not distracting.<br \/>\n\u2022 Consider exporting presentations to Word or HTML for better accessibility.<br \/>\n<strong>e. Web Pages:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Use software that produces accessible, standards-based HTML.<br \/>\n\u2022 Verify accessibility using online tools like WAVE.<br \/>\n<strong>f. Multimedia:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Provide content in multiple formats (text, audio, video) to cater to different needs.<br \/>\n\u2022 Ensure audio and video include transcripts and captions.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-3\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 3. Improve visibility, readability and audibility<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-3\"><p><strong>\u2022 Colours:<\/strong> Ensure good contrast between text and background, but avoid extreme contrast (e.g., opt for dark grey text on an off-white background). Avoid using colour as the only means to convey information.<br \/>\nFor further information see:<a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/office\/video-design-slides-for-people-with-dyslexia-a2158953-84d7-4894-8f6c-1c9968709041\"> Designing PowerPoint slides for people with dyslexia<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2022<strong> Text:<\/strong> Use a simple sans-serif font (the default font is often best). Avoid formatting like capitalizing, underlining, or italicizing- especially for large portions of text. Use bold for emphasis only. Left-justify your text.<br \/>\nFor further information see: <a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/office\/video-improve-accessibility-with-heading-styles-68f1eeff-6113-410f-8313-b5d382cc3be1\">Styles in Microsoft Word<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2022<strong> Audio<\/strong>: Speak slowly and clearly and try to eliminate background noise. Provide transcripts and captions for audio content.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-4\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 4. Provide options and alternatives<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-4\"><p>\u2022 <strong>Alternative text<\/strong>: Add descriptive alternative text (\u2018Alt text\u2019) to images to describe their appearance and function. Alt text is crucial for users with visual impairments as screen reader software relies on this text to describe image content. For further information see: Adding <a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/office\/add-alternative-text-to-a-shape-picture-chart-smartart-graphic-or-other-object-44989b2a-903c-4d9a-b742-6a75b451c669\">Alt text in Word and Powerpoint<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/office\/everything-you-need-to-know-to-write-effective-alt-text-df98f884-ca3d-456c-807b-1a1fa82f5dc2\">Microsoft guide to writing good Alt text<\/a><br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Multiple formats<\/strong>: Offer documents in various formats, such as Word and PDF - note that PDFs are often inaccessible. Use tools like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sensusaccess.com\/\">SensusAccess<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/help.blackboard.com\/node\/42306\">Blackboard Ally File Transformer<\/a> to convert documents into accessible formats.<br \/>\n\u2022<strong> Transcriptions and captions<\/strong>: Include descriptive transcriptions for audio content and add captions to videos. Many university tools, such as<a href=\"https:\/\/www.panopto.com\/blog\/frequently-asked-questions-faqs-about-video-captioning-answered\/\"> Panopto,<\/a> include these functions.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-5\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 5. Use clear meaningful language<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-5\"><p>\u2022 <strong>Descriptive links:<\/strong> For links, instead of \u201cClick here\u201d use clear, descriptive text that clearly indicates the link's destination or purpose.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Plain English:<\/strong> Write in plain English and avoid complex language or figurative speech, homonyms and homophones where possible.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Clear instructions:<\/strong> When sharing resources provide clear instructions on how to use them, both before and during the session. Offer detailed descriptions of resources, options, and alternatives, offering as much flexibility as possible to help users prepare and engage effectively.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-6\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 6. Structure your materials clearly and consistently<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-6\"><p>\u2022<strong> Headings<\/strong>: Use built-in heading styles to define document structure, aiding navigation and accessibility. This allows assistive technology to make sense of your materials, which is especially important for users with visual impairments or motor difficulties.<br \/>\n<strong>\u2022 Tables:<\/strong> Keep tables simple; avoid split or merged cells whenever possible.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Layout:<\/strong> Use a consistent layout, clearly distinguishing between activities, text blocks, and essential versus optional information or activities.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-7\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> 7. Checking accessibility of your work<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-steps-to-enhancing-digital-accessibility-7\"><p><strong>Accessibility Checkers<\/strong>: Use tools to scan and improve your content\u2019s accessibility.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/office\/improve-accessibility-with-the-accessibility-checker-a16f6de0-2f39-4a2b-8bd8-5ad801426c7f\">Microsoft Accessibility Checker<\/a>: A built-in tool in Microsoft Office that helps identify and fix accessibility issues in documents.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/help.blackboard.com\/Ally\">Blackboard Ally:<\/a> A built-in tool which provides feedback on the accessibility of your course materials and offers practical advice on how to improve them.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/userway.org\/?utm_source=bing&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=rated%20geo%20|%20search%20|%20terrific%20|%20desktop%20|%20360%20conv.value%20|%20rated%20geo&amp;utm_content=competitors%20scanner&amp;utm_ad=&amp;utm_term=wave%20accessibility&amp;matchtype=p&amp;device=c&amp;GeoLoc=133366&amp;placement=&amp;network=o&amp;utm_id=531300670&amp;campaign_id=531300670&amp;adset_id=1357899390194041&amp;ad_id=&amp;cq_src=google_ads&amp;cq_cmp=531300670&amp;cq_con=1357899390194041&amp;cq_term=wave%20accessibility&amp;cq_med=&amp;cq_plac=&amp;cq_net=o&amp;cq_pos=&amp;cq_plt=gp&amp;keyword_id=kwd-84869868891095:loc-188&amp;msclkid=221e908f7f001cb9a435f62f81d4c4ad\">WAVE Accessibility Tool<\/a>: A free tool that evaluates web pages for accessibility issues.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<p>By incorporating digital accessibility into the design of teaching and learning materials we can create inclusive learning environments. By anticipating diverse needs and using t<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/universal-design-for-learning\/\">he Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Framework<\/a>\u00a0 UDL framework as a guide to offer multiple means of representation, action and expression, and engagement, we can remove barriers to learning and promote equity. Embracing accessibility not only fulfils legal obligations but also enriches the educational experience for everyone. It is essential for us all to proactively design our content and activities to be accessible, fostering a supportive and inclusive community for our diverse learners and staff.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>To find out more about Digital Accessibility, access this Xerte learning resource offers some simple steps you can take to make your digital content more accessible:<\/p>\n<p id=\"section2\">\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"image w-100\" src=\"https:\/\/xerte.cardiff.ac.uk\/play_19012\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Recording of Digital Accessibility section<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"image w-100\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiff.cloud.panopto.eu\/Panopto\/Pages\/Viewer.aspx?id=6fde7dfb-10ec-40a9-8584-b248011fa87f\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"section 3\">Where Next?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>The Inclusive Education CPD Offer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Toolkit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You can now develop your understanding of Inclusive Education by accessing the related pages on specific topics, outlined in the map below, which relate to the Inclusive Education Framework. After accessing this page, we recommend you review all toolkit pages in the inclusive education series and consider more professional development.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Workshops<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You can develop your understanding of Inclusive Education by attending workshop sessions that relate to each topic. These workshops can be taken in a live face-to-face session, if you prefer social interactive learning, or can be completed asynchronously in your own time, if preferred. You can find out <a href=\"https:\/\/intranet.cardiff.ac.uk\/staff\/training-and-development\/staff-courses-and-programmes\/events-and-training\/learning-and-teaching-cpd-2024-2025\">more information on workshops, and the link to book here.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bespoke School Provision<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We offer support for Schools on Inclusive Education, through the Education Development service. This can be useful to address specific local concerns, to upskill whole teams, or to support the programme approval and revalidation process. Please contact your School\u2019s Education Development Team contact for more information.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Map of Topics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Below is a map of the toolkit and workshop topics, to aid your navigation. These will be developed and added to in future iterations of this toolkit:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-7193 media-7193\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/10\/Inclusive-education-map-2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><strong>You&#8217;re on page 8 of 9 Inclusivity theme\u202fpages. Explore the others here:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/\">1.Inclusivity and the CU Inclusive Education Framework<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/introduction-to-inclusive-education\/\">2.Introduction to Inclusive education<\/a><\/p>\n<p>3.Fostering a sense of belonging<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/empowering-students-to-fulfil-their-potential\/\">4.Empowering students to fulfil their potential<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/developing-inclusive-mindsets\/\">5.Developing Inclusive Mindsets<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/universal-design-for-learning\/\">6.Universal Design for Learning\u202f<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/digital-accessibility\/\">7.Digital Accessibility<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/disability-and-dyslexia\/\">8.Disability and Reasonable Adjustments<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/inclusivity\/international-students\/\">9.International Students<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Or how about another theme?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/employability\/\">Employability<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/theme-overview\/sustainability\/\">Sustainability<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-disability-and-dyslexia-references-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Disability and Dyslexia page References<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-disability-and-dyslexia-references-1\"><h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>AHEAD. 2023. UDL and the Continuum of Support. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahead.ie\/udl-pyramid\">https:\/\/www.ahead.ie\/udl-pyramid<\/a><\/p>\n<p>BDA 2023. <em>Dyslexia Fact Sheet<\/em>. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.bdadyslexia.org.uk\/uploads\/documents\/British-Dyslexia-Association-Dyslexia-Factsheet.pdf?v=1702999710\">https:\/\/cdn.bdadyslexia.org.uk\/uploads\/documents\/British-Dyslexia-Association-Dyslexia-Factsheet.pdf?v=1702999710<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bunbury, M. 2020. Disability in higher education \u2013 do reasonable adjustments contribute to an inclusive curriculum?, <em>International Journal of Inclusive Education<\/em>, 24:9, 964-979,<\/p>\n<p>CAST. 2021.\u00a0 Universal Design for Learning Guidelines. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cast.org\/impact\/universal-design-for-learning-udl\">https:\/\/www.cast.org\/impact\/universal-design-for-learning-udl<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CAST 2018. UDL and Assessment. <a href=\"http:\/\/udloncampus.cast.org\/page\/assessment_udl\">http:\/\/udloncampus.cast.org\/page\/assessment_udl<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Collins, A. Azmat, F. and Rentschler, R. 2019. \u2018Bringing everyone on the same journey\u2019: revisiting inclusion in higher education, <em>Studies in Higher Education<\/em>, 44:8, 1475-1487, DOI: 10.1080\/03075079.2018.1450852<\/p>\n<p>Disabled Students UK. 2023. <em>The Access Insights 2023 Report<\/em>. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/disabledstudents.co.uk\/research\/\">https:\/\/disabledstudents.co.uk\/research\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"nova-legacy-e-text nova-legacy-e-text--size-m nova-legacy-e-text--family-display nova-legacy-e-text--spacing-none nova-legacy-e-text--color-inherit\">Duckworth, S. 2019. <em>Wheel of Power, Privilege, and Marginalization,<\/em> by Sylvia Duckworth. Used by permission. To our knowledge, the original version comes from the Canadian Council of Refugees (CCR): https:\/\/ccrweb.ca\/en\/anti-oppression.<\/p>\n<p>Dobson Waters, S. and Torgerson, C. J.. 2020. Dyslexia in higher education: a systematic review of interventions used to promote learning, <em>Journal of Further and Higher Education<\/em>, 45(2), 226\u2013256. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0309877x.2020.1744545<\/p>\n<p>Edwards, M. Poed, S. Al-Nawab, H. Penna, O. 2022. Academic accommodations for university students living with disability and the potential of universal design to address their needs Higher Education (2022) 84: 779\u2013799<\/p>\n<p>EHRC 2014. <em>What equality law means for you as an education provider \u2013 further and higher education.\u00a0 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.equalityhumanrights.com\/sites\/default\/files\/what_equality_law_means_for_you_as_an_education_provide_further_and_higher_education.pdf\">https:\/\/www.equalityhumanrights.com\/sites\/default\/files\/what_equality_law_means_for_you_as_an_education_provide_further_and_higher_education.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Goodley, D. 2017. <em>Disability Studies: An interdisciplinary introduction<\/em>. London: Sage<\/p>\n<p>Hamilton, L. and Petty, s. 2023. Compassionate pedagogy for neurodiversity in higher education: A conceptual analysis<em>. Frontiers in Psychology<\/em> Vol 14 Feb 2023. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1093290\/full\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1093290\/full<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hewett, R. Douglas, G. McLinden, M. and Keil, S. 2020. Balancing inclusive design, adjustments and personal agency: progressive mutual accommodations and the experiences of university students with vision impairment in the United Kingdom. <em>International Journal of Inclusive Education<\/em>, 24:7, 754-770, DOI: 10.1080\/13603116.2018.1492637<\/p>\n<p>Hockings, C. 2010. <em>Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: A Synthesis of Research<\/em>. York: Higher Education Academy.<\/p>\n<p>Lawrie, G., Marquis, E., Fuller, E., Newman, T., Qui, M., Nomikoudis, M., Roelofs, F., &amp; van Dam, L. (2017) Moving towards inclusive learning and teaching: A synthesis of recent literature. <em>Teaching and Learning Inquiry <\/em>5 (1)<\/p>\n<p>Morina, A. 2017 Inclusive education in higher education: challenges and opportunities, <em>European Journal of Special Needs Education<\/em>, 32:1, 3-17, DOI: 10.1080\/08856257.2016.1254964<\/p>\n<p>Pavey, B.,\u00a0 Meehan, M. &amp; Waugh, A.\u00a0 (2010 <em>Dyslexia-friendly Further &amp; Higher Education.<\/em> London: Sage.<\/p>\n<p>Ryder, S. and Norwich, B. 2018. UK higher education lecturers\u2019 perspectives of dyslexia, dyslexic students and related disability provision. JORSEN 19: 161-172 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12438\"><strong>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12438<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Shakespeare, T. 2006. <em>Disability Rights and Wrongs<\/em>. London: Routledge<\/p>\n<p>Shakespeare, T. and Corker, M. 2002. Disability\/Postmodernity: Embodying Disability Theory. Continuum Press<\/p>\n<p>Signhealth. 2023. Learn about Deafness. Available at\u00a0: <a href=\"https:\/\/signhealth.org.uk\/resources\/learn-about-deafness\/\">https:\/\/signhealth.org.uk\/resources\/learn-about-deafness\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Snowling, M. J. (2008). Specific Disorders and Broader Phenotypes: The Case of Dyslexia.\u00a0<em>Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>61<\/em>(1), 142-156<\/p>\n<p>Tai, J. et al. 2022. Assessment for inclusion: rethinking contemporary strategies in assessment design. <em>Higher Education Research and Development <\/em>(Online) DOI: 10.1080\/07294360.2022.2057451<\/p>\n<p>Thomas, C. 1999<em>. Female Forms: Experiencing and Understanding Disability. London: OUP<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS). 1976.<em> Fundamental Principles of Disability. <\/em>London: UPIAS<\/p>\n<p><em>UCAS 2022. NEXT STEPS: WHAT IS THE EXPERIENCE OF DISABLED STUDENTS IN EDUCATION? Available at: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucas.com\/next-steps-what-experience-disabled-students-education?hash=Khe12QF8sBath7P7hVMMpU9lSoJrAtS5f9zaLjf2-MI\"><em>https:\/\/www.ucas.com\/next-steps-what-experience-disabled-students-education?hash=Khe12QF8sBath7P7hVMMpU9lSoJrAtS5f9zaLjf2-MI<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS). 1976. <em>Fundamental Principles of Disability. <\/em>London: UPIAS<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/xerte.cardiff.ac.uk\/preview.php?template_id=18569#collapse6_1_0\"><strong>Share Your Feedback<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"An Inclusivity Theme Page Introduction Firstly, some perspectives on disability in university\u00a0: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rjgkowqHLto 1. Conceptualising Disability Figure: The nine protected characteristics in the Equality Act 2010 The\u00a0UK Equality Act\u00a0(2010) defines [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":8900,"featured_media":0,"parent":309,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3520","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-inclusivity"],"meta_box":{"cu_accordion":"","cu_alert":"","cu_tabs":"","cu_quote":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8900"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3520"}],"version-history":[{"count":178,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3520\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9518,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3520\/revisions\/9518"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}