{"id":252,"date":"2015-06-17T14:09:08","date_gmt":"2015-06-17T14:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/?page_id=252"},"modified":"2015-12-17T11:17:43","modified_gmt":"2015-12-17T11:17:43","slug":"arxps-angle-resolved-xps","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/about\/arxps-angle-resolved-xps\/","title":{"rendered":"ARXPS &#8211; Angle Resolved XPS"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"image pull-right\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/files\/2015\/06\/arxps.jpg\" alt=\"arxps\" width=\"227\" height=\"217\" \/><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Most commonly in XPS instruments the electron energy analyser is positioned so that most of the detected electrons have originated from the sample surface with a trajectory in line with the surface normal. This is called normal emission, and the electrons are said to have a take-off angle of 90\u00b0 to the surface.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Under these conditions XPS is the most bulk sensitive it can be for a given X-ray energy, with an information depth generally less than <em>ca.<\/em>\u00a010 nm. It also tends to give the maximum signal, and the geometry is generally well-understood.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Both our Kratos Axis Ultra-DLD and Thermo k-alpha<sup>+<\/sup> systems are equipped with angle resolved capabilities<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify\">Increasing the surface sensitivity<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">As electrons can only travel a given distance through a material before an interaction resulting in an energy loss occurs (the inelastic mean free path, IMFP of an electron), by varying the angle at which these electrons\u00a0are detected from the surface, we may enhance the surface contribution &#8211; this is termed Angle-resolved XPS, or ARXPS.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Therefore, by changing the tilt of the sample stepwise from 0\u00b0 to 75\u00b0, surface sensitivity can be increased as we are reducing the XPS information depth.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 135px\" width=\"988\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0 \u00a0How can ARXPS help?<\/h4>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0 \u00a0Common applications?<\/h4>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Provide a non-destructive depth-profile of the top ca. 10 nm of a surface<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Depth-profiling of thin layer interfaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Yield thin-film thickness measurements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Thin oxide\/overlayer thickness measurements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify spectral contributions from the surface <em>vs<\/em>. the bulk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Layer-ordering of multiple thin layers on a flat substrate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most commonly in XPS instruments the electron energy analyser is positioned so that most of the detected electrons have originated from the sample surface with a trajectory in line with the surface normal. This is called normal emission, and the electrons are said to have a take-off angle of 90\u00b0 to the surface. Under these<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":829,"featured_media":0,"parent":6,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-252","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"meta_box":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/829"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=252"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":315,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252\/revisions\/315"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/xpsaccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}