{"id":4615,"date":"2024-04-15T13:44:15","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T12:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/?page_id=4615"},"modified":"2024-12-04T15:39:19","modified_gmt":"2024-12-04T15:39:19","slug":"myfyrwyr-rhyngwladol","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/myfyrwyr-rhyngwladol\/","title":{"rendered":"Myfyrwyr Rhyngwladol"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Tudalen Thema Cynwysoldeb<\/h2>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-info with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Dylunio Tudalennau Cynwysoldeb<\/h3>                <p>Mae'r holl dudalennau Cynwysoldeb wedi'u cynllunio gan ddilyn egwyddorion Dylunio Cyffredinol ar gyfer Dysgu (UDL). Fe welwch gyfuniad o destun, fideo a delweddau, ynghyd \u00e2 rhai pwyntiau ar gyfer myfyrio, enghreifftiau ymarferol ac astudiaethau achos.<\/p>\n<p>Gallwch ddewis darllen y testun, neu gael mynediad at fideo o'r un deunydd. Mae'r recordiad ar waelod y dudalen hon. Gallwch hefyd fynd i weithdy ar y pwnc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-info with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" x2=\"670.917\" y2=\"516.34\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 0)\"><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-0\" offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#12d69e\"\/><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-1\" offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#00a870\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q4-fill\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"153.98\" x2=\"318.986\" y2=\"153.98\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Y Cynnig DPP Addysg Gynhwysol<\/h3>                <p>Yn y dudalen pecyn cymorth Myfyrwyr Rhyngwladol hwn, byddwn yn archwilio heriau, profiadau a darpariaethau ar gyfer myfyrwyr rhyngwladol mewn Addysg Uwch, yn amlinellu rhai canfyddiadau allweddol yn yr ymchwil ar brofiad myfyrwyr rhyngwladol o addysg uwch, ac yn rhoi rhywfaint o gyngor ymarferol i chi ar sicrhau bod eich addysgu yn hygyrch ac yn gynhwysol er mwyn datblygu mwy o ymdeimlad o berthyn a thegwch i'ch holl fyfyrwyr.<\/p>\n<p>Mae'r adrannau cychwynnol yn rhoi'r cefndir, y cyd-destun, a'r data ar addysgu myfyrwyr rhyngwladol i chi: os ydych am neidio'n syth i mewn i ymarfer, ewch i'r adran 'Sefydlu a Throsglwyddo'.<\/p>\n<p>Yna gallwch ddatblygu eich dealltwriaeth trwy gyrchu'r tudalennau neu'r gweithdai cysylltiedig ar bynciau Addysg Gynhwysol penodol.<\/p>\n<p>Ar ddiwedd y dudalen hon, mae map o gyfleoedd a phynciau DPP pellach, i'ch cynorthwyo.<\/p>\n<p>Darllen Allweddol ar gyfer y dudalen hon: Scudamore, R. (2013) Engaging home and international students: A guide for new lecturers. The Higher Education Academy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<h2>Dechrau arni<\/h2>\n<p>Mae demograffeg newidiol ein poblogaeth myfyrwyr dros y 30 mlynedd diwethaf wedi\u2019i hysgogi gan ddatblygiadau gwleidyddol, economaidd, addysgol, cymdeithasol a thechnolegol. Mae ein poblogaeth o fyfyrwyr a staff yn cynnig cyd-destun byd-eang cyfoethog ac amrywiol sy\u2019n cyfoethogi ac yn dod \u00e2 gwerth i\u2019n prifysgolion.<\/p>\n<p>Awgrymodd Universities UK yn ddiweddar fod:<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;&#8230;addysg uwch ac ymchwil rhyngwladol yn hynod bwysig i&#8217;n prifysgolion ac er budd cenedlaethol hirdymor y DU. Maen nhw\u2019n helpu i sicrhau ein henw da, ein dylanwad a\u2019n heffaith ledled y byd. Felly, mae\u2019n bwysicach nag erioed ein bod yn dathlu ein llwyddiannau \u2013 ac yn gweithio ar y cyd i sicrhau bod cefnogaeth gyhoeddus a gwleidyddol i ryngwladoli yn cael ei chynnal.<\/p>\n<p>Fodd bynnag, mae cyd-destun geo-wleidyddol cynyddol heriol \u2013 gan gynnwys effeithiau hirdymor y pandemig ac ymadawiad y DU \u00e2\u2019r UE \u2013 wedi cael effaith sylweddol ar brifysgolion a\u2019u hymgysylltiad byd-eang. Fel y dengys y data, rydym yn gweld newidiadau yng nghyfansoddiad y corff myfyrwyr rhyngwladol, tra bod symudedd myfyrwyr allanol wedi dioddef yn sylweddol ac yn parhau i fod yn brofiad lleiafrifol i fyfyrwyr y DU.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r dirywiad hwn yn cael ei weld ar draws holl brifysgolion y DU, gan newid tirwedd addysg ryngwladol ac yn ysgogi&#8217;r cwestiwn beth yr ydym yn ei wneud ar gyfer ein myfyrwyr rhyngwladol?<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r dudalen hon yn canolbwyntio ar them\u00e2u pontio, ymsefydlu, ac ystyriaethau ieithyddol, diwylliannol ac academaidd ar gyfer rhyngwladoli AU. Mae&#8217;r adran Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach yn archwilio&#8217;r them\u00e2u hyn yn fanwl, gyda llenyddiaeth allweddol, astudiaethau achos, ac adnoddau sy\u2019n seiliedig ar ymchwil ar sail tystiolaeth a safbwyntiau staff a myfyrwyr.<\/p>\n<p>Os nad oes gennych amser i ymchwilio i&#8217;r manylion ar hyn o bryd, dyma awgrym da ar gyfer addysgu myfyrwyr rhyngwladol i&#8217;ch helpu i roi cychwyn arni:<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" x2=\"670.917\" y2=\"516.34\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 0)\"><stop 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Rheoli disgwyliadau<\/p>\n<p>Nid chi yn unig fydd \u00e2 disgwyliadau o'r myfyrwyr, ond bydd gan y myfyrwyr ddisgwyliadau ohonoch chi a'r brifysgol.\u00a0 Trwy wefannau, mae deunyddiau cyn cyrraedd, deunyddiau VLE a deunyddiau ymsefydlu yn darparu cymaint o wybodaeth am y modiwl neu'r rhaglen \u00e2 phosibl. Er enghraifft, rhoi map modiwl gyda phynciau neu them\u00e2u y byddwn yn ymdrin \u00e2 nhw a lle mae angen ymarfer asesu a chyflwyno, canllaw i ddarlithoedd, a disgwyliadau o amgylch darlleniadau, gan gynnwys rhestrau neu amserlenni. Yn bwysig, cyfeirio myfyrwyr at gymorth ehangach yn y brifysgol y gallant ei gael cyn gynted ag y byddant yn cyrraedd.<\/p>\n<p>2. Dewch i adnabod eich myfyrwyr<\/p>\n<p>Nid chi yn unig fydd \u00e2 disgwyliadau o'r myfyrwyr, ond bydd gan y myfyrwyr ddisgwyliadau ohonoch chi a'r brifysgol.\u00a0 Trwy wefannau, mae deunyddiau cyn cyrraedd, deunyddiau VLE a deunyddiau ymsefydlu yn darparu cymaint o wybodaeth am y modiwl neu'r rhaglen \u00e2 phosibl. Er enghraifft, rhoi map modiwl gyda phynciau neu them\u00e2u y byddwn yn ymdrin \u00e2 nhw a lle mae angen ymarfer asesu a chyflwyno, canllaw i ddarlithoedd, a disgwyliadau o amgylch darlleniadau, gan gynnwys rhestrau neu amserlenni. Yn bwysig, cyfeirio myfyrwyr at gymorth ehangach yn y brifysgol y gallant ei gael cyn gynted ag y byddant yn cyrraedd.<\/p>\n<p>3. Defnyddiwch safbwyntiau byd-eang<\/p>\n<p>Lle bynnag y bo modd, defnyddiwch achosion neu enghreifftiau gyda chyd-destun rhyngwladol nad ydynt yn ffafrio gwybodaeth gyd-destunol y myfyrwyr brodorol, oni bai bod angen. Fel arall, defnyddiwch astudiaethau achos neu enghreifftiau sy'n galluogi myfyrwyr brodorol i geisio dealltwriaeth gyd-destunol gan fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol. Canolbwyntiwch ar gynhwysiant rhagweithiol yn yr ystafell ddosbarth a gofyn i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol am eu safbwyntiau\/profiadau ar y cynnwys sy'n cael ei gyflwyno.<\/p>\n<p>4. Rhowch gyfleoedd i fynegi mewn sawl ffordd<\/p>\n<p>Gall y rheswm y mae myfyrwyr yn aros yn dawel yn y dosbarth fod yn gymhleth, gan gynnwys angen mwy o amser i brosesu gwybodaeth o un iaith i'r llall, addasu i arferion a normau newydd, a dod o hyd i hyder i siarad yn uchel mewn lleoliadau anghyfarwydd. Mae darparu sawl ffordd i fyfyrwyr ymgysylltu fel Mentimeter, a byrddau ar-lein dienw fel Padlet yn gallu helpu i annog pob myfyriwr i rannu eu\u00a0meddyliau, eu safbwyntiau a\u2019u cwestiynau.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 30 30\"><title>Globe<\/title><path d=\"M15,2a15,15,0,1,1,0,30A15,15,0,0,1,0,17,15,15,0,0,1,15,2ZM10.34,7.44L10,8a5.88,5.88,0,0,0-.31.63C9.53,9.06,9.31,9.53,9.16,10H14V4.16a2.78,2.78,0,0,0-.66.25,5,5,0,0,0-.69.41,6.52,6.52,0,0,0-1.22,1.09,10.24,10.24,0,0,0-1.09,1.53h0ZM16,10h4.84c-0.09-.22-0.16-0.47-0.25-0.69A12.87,12.87,0,0,0,20,8a5.49,5.49,0,0,1-.34-0.56,10.13,10.13,0,0,0-1.09-1.53,6.55,6.55,0,0,0-1.22-1.09,7.68,7.68,0,0,0-.66-0.41A3.67,3.67,0,0,0,16,4.16V10h0ZM5.81,7.81q-0.52.52-.94,1C4.59,9.22,4.28,9.63,4,10H7A15.68,15.68,0,0,1,8.09,7.44,11.33,11.33,0,0,1,9.41,5.28,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,7.5,6.38,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,5.81,7.81ZM23,10h3c-0.25-.37-0.56-0.78-0.84-1.16a13.7,13.7,0,0,0-.94-1A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,22.5,6.38a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-1.91-1.09,13.28,13.28,0,0,1,1.34,2.16A19,19,0,0,1,23,10h0ZM6.5,12H3a9,9,0,0,0-.62,2A10.61,10.61,0,0,0,2,16H6a14.66,14.66,0,0,1,.16-2.06c0.09-.66.19-1.31,0.31-1.94h0ZM14,12H8.56c-0.16.63-.25,1.31-0.34,2A10.67,10.67,0,0,0,8,16h6V12h0Zm2,0v4h6a14.19,14.19,0,0,0-.16-2c-0.12-.66-0.22-1.34-0.37-2H16Zm8,4h4a13.75,13.75,0,0,0-.31-2A11.21,11.21,0,0,0,27,12H23.5c0.13,0.63.22,1.28,0.31,1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,24,16h0ZM3,22H6.5c-0.12-.62-0.22-1.28-0.31-1.94A14.51,14.51,0,0,1,6,18H2a10.6,10.6,0,0,0,.34,2A9,9,0,0,0,3,22H3Zm11-4H8a10.67,10.67,0,0,0,.19,2c0.09,0.66.19,1.34,0.34,2H14V18h0Zm2,4h5.44c0.16-.62.25-1.31,0.38-2A14.06,14.06,0,0,0,22,18H16v4Zm7.5,0H27a11.21,11.21,0,0,0,.66-2A13.9,13.9,0,0,0,28,18H24a14.66,14.66,0,0,1-.16,2.06c-0.09.66-.19,1.31-0.31,1.94h0ZM7,24H4c0.25,0.38.56,0.78,0.84,1.13a9.9,9.9,0,0,0,.94,1.06A10.58,10.58,0,0,0,7.5,27.63a11.51,11.51,0,0,0,1.91,1.09,11.33,11.33,0,0,1-1.31-2.16A15.79,15.79,0,0,1,7,24H7Zm2.12,0,0.28,0.69A7,7,0,0,0,10,26c0.09,0.22.22,0.41,0.31,0.59a9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09,1.5,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22,1.13,3,3,0,0,0,.69.38,2,2,0,0,0,.66.28V24H9.16Zm10.5,2.56c0.09-.19.22-0.37,0.34-0.59s0.22-.41.31-0.62c0.19-.44.38-0.87,0.53-1.34H16v5.84a2.45,2.45,0,0,0,.69-0.28,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.66-0.37,6.78,6.78,0,0,0,1.22-1.12,9.78,9.78,0,0,0,1.09-1.5h0Zm4.53-.37a10,10,0,0,0,.94-1.06c0.28-.34.59-0.75,0.84-1.12H23a19.07,19.07,0,0,1-1,2.56,13.28,13.28,0,0,1-1.34,2.16,11.54,11.54,0,0,0,1.91-1.09,10.52,10.52,0,0,0,1.69-1.44h0Z\" transform=\"translate(0 -2)\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Myfyrio<\/h3>                <p>Beth yw\u2019ch canfyddiad o fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol mewn Addysg Uwch?<\/p>\n<p>Beth yw cryfderau a heriau addysgu a chefnogi myfyrwyr rhyngwladol?<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<h2>Myfyrwyr rhyngwladol<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"#WeAreInternational \u2013 Cardiff University\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4KJGwjXaRMU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Defnyddir y term &#8216;myfyrwyr rhyngwladol\u2019 fel arfer i ddisgrifio myfyrwyr nad ydynt yn hanu o\u2019r DU sydd wedi teithio i astudio yn y DU. Ym Mhrifysgol Caerdydd, daw ein myfyrwyr rhyngwladol o dros 138 o wledydd, gan ddod \u00e2 diwylliannau, ieithoedd a thraddodiadau newydd i&#8217;n cymuned ddysgu amrywiol a chyfoethog. Fodd bynnag, mae&#8217;n bwysig cydnabod cyfyngiadau labelu myfyrwyr fel rhai sy\u2019n perthyn i un gr\u0175p a pheidio \u00e2 gwneud rhagdybiaethau ar sail y wlad mae myfyriwr yn hanu ohoni. Mae pob amgylchedd ystafell ddosbarth yn amrywiol, gyda myfyrwyr brodorol a rhyngwladol yn cofrestru gydag ystod o wahanol gefndiroedd ethnig, economaidd-gymdeithasol a chrefyddol, cyd-destunau addysg blaenorol, a ffyrdd o ddysgu. Mae bod yn fyfyriwr rhyngwladol ond yn un rhan o hunaniaeth amlochrog person.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r prosiect addysg gynhwysol yn defnyddio dull ar sail tystiolaeth ac mae&#8217;n deall bod amrywiaeth rhwng grwpiau o fyfyrwyr yn ogystal \u00e2 nodweddion cyffredin ar draws y corff myfyrwyr. Rydym yn mabwysiadu ffordd gynhwysol o edrych ar amrywiaeth (Hockings 2010) ac yn lleoli ein gwaith, gan ganolbwyntio ar yr hyn y mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn ei ddwyn i gyfoethogi ein sefydliad a&#8217;n hamgylcheddau dysgu. Os ydych yn dymuno darllen mwy am y naratif diffyg a gwerth, cliciwch yma.<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" x2=\"670.917\" y2=\"516.34\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 0)\"><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-0\" offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#12d69e\"\/><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-1\" offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#00a870\"\/><\/linearGradient><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q4-fill\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"153.98\" x2=\"318.986\" y2=\"153.98\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Myfyrio<\/h3>                <p>Wrth fyfyrio ar eich ymarfer, ystyriwch y cwestiynau canlynol<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Pwy sydd ddim yn siarad\/yn cymryd rhan mewn darlithoedd neu sesiynau?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Beth yw\u2019r rhesymau posibl am hynny?<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Sut gallwn ni ddarparu lle sy\u2019n galluogi pawb i gymryd rhan?<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<h2>Cynllun Pontio ac Ymsefydlu<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"post-4644 media-4644\" class=\"imagew-50 align-none\"><\/figure>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success\">        \n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Awgrymiadau da ar gyfer ymsefydlu<\/h3>                <ul>\n<li>Cysylltwch cyn i fodiwlau neu raglenni ddechrau, gan gyflwyno'ch hun a rhannu gwybodaeth allweddol am y modiwl a'r disgwyliadau. Cyfeiriwch fyfyrwyr at y cymorth sydd ar gael iddynt.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Yn ystod darlithoedd neu seminarau, anogwch fyfyrwyr i rannu profiadau, a rhowch gyfleoedd cymorth cymheiriaid ar gyfer y ddisgyblaeth a\u2019r profiad ehangach yn y brifysgol.<\/li>\n<li>Cyfeiriwch fyfyrwyr at wasanaethau cymorth y brifysgol fel gwasanaethau academaidd yn ogystal \u00e2 gwybodaeth ehangach am yr ardal leol a'r hyn sydd ar gael.<\/li>\n<li>Anogwch fyfyrwyr i gofleidio cymysgu ag eraill fel profiad dysgu naturiol a chadarnhaol (eto, gall hyn fod trwy gyfarfodydd anffurfiol e.e. cyfleoedd i ddod at ei gilydd ar ddiwedd tymor)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p>Mae prifysgolion yn cynnig ystod eang o brosesau sefydlu i fyfyrwyr gyda ffocws ar bontio\u2019n llwyddiannus i\u2019r diwylliant addysgol newydd. Fodd bynnag, nid wythnosau cyntaf y brifysgol yn unig yr ydym yn golygu ond sut mae myfyrwyr yn ymdopi \u00e2\u2019u taith fel myfyrwyr a\u2019r prosesau pontio yn y brifysgol, trwy gydol eu hamser ynddi a\u2019r tu allan iddi.<\/p>\n<p>Mae&#8217;r broses bontio yn yr ystyr ehangaf yn gymhleth ac yn cynnwys ystod enfawr o randdeiliaid a hunaniaethau croestoriadol. Mae myfyrwyr yn gweld y broses bontio yn heriol (Kift et al, 2010), ac mae ymchwil yn awgrymu bod y broses hyd yn oed yn anoddach mynd trwyddi i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol (Wu &amp; Hammond 2011). Mae&#8217;r cyfnod sefydlu yn chwarae rhan bwysig yn llwyddiant myfyrwyr i ymaddasu i&#8217;w cyd-destun newydd a lleihau effeithiau sioc diwylliant gwahanol. Gall hefyd helpu myfyrwyr i ffurfio rhwydwaith sy&#8217;n dod yn sylfaen ar gyfer gwaith t\u00eem o fewn lleoliad academaidd, ac sy\u2019n cynnig cymorth cymheiriaid er budd profiad ehangach y myfyriwr. Mae mwy o ddeunydd darllen ac adnoddau ar bwnc sefydlu a phontio i&#8217;w gweld yn yr adran Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach trwy glicio \u00a0yma\u00a0 .<\/p>\n<p>Isod fe welwch gyngor ar sail dimensiynau Bell (2016) o&#8217;r model cymorth pontio rhyngwladol &#8216;. Os ydych yn dymuno \u00a0ymchwilio&#8217;n ddyfnach i\u2019r thema hon, cliciwch y ddolen hon i&#8217;r adran Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach.<\/p>\n<h2>Ystyriaethau academaidd a diwylliannol<\/h2>\n<p>Isod mae rhai awgrymiadau da i&#8217;ch helpu i ddechrau\u00a0 .<\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success with-icon \">        \n                            <div class=\"alert-icon\">\n                    <svg class=\"icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 793 696\" shape-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\" text-rendering=\"geometricPrecision\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill\" x1=\"351.931\" y1=\"516.34\" x2=\"670.917\" y2=\"516.34\" spreadMethod=\"pad\" gradientUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" gradientTransform=\"translate(0 0)\"><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-0\" offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#12d69e\"\/><stop id=\"etZNF97Wf1q3-fill-1\" offset=\"100%\" 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transform=\"matrix(1.13937 0 0 1 503.331 1752.58)\" fill=\"url(#etZNF97Wf1q6-fill)\"\/><\/g><\/svg>                <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Awgrymiadau Defnyddiol:<\/h3>                <ul>\n<li>Dysgwch am eich myfyrwyr ymlaen llaw naill ai trwy holiadur cyn-sesiwn neu trwy weithgaredd ysgrifennu dienw.<\/li>\n<li>Byddwch yn eglur wrth gydnabod cefndiroedd amrywiol.<\/li>\n<li>Byddwch yn eglur yn eich dull addysgeg a'r gwerth sydd ganddo i'r ddisgyblaeth.<\/li>\n<li>Darparwch gynrychiolaeth eang o lenyddiaeth ac astudiaethau achos. Os nad yw hyn yn opsiwn yn eich disgyblaeth, cydnabyddwch yr anghydbwysedd hwn a gofynnwch i fyfyrwyr feirniadu hyn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What is cultural competence? \u2013 National Centre for Cultural Competence\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QR-32K2K01k?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Po fwyaf y byddwch chi&#8217;n dod i wybod am eich myfyrwyr a&#8217;u profiadau blaenorol amrywiol, eu cyd-destun diwylliannol a&#8217;u cefndir addysgol, y mwyaf y gallwch chi ragweld heriau a chynllunio a dylunio cyfleoedd dysgu sy&#8217;n chwalu&#8217;r rhwystrau hyn. Pan fyddwch chi&#8217;n cymhwyso Dylunio Cyffredinol ar gyfer Dysgu (CAST, 2018) ac addysgeg sy&#8217;n ymateb yn ddiwylliannol i&#8217;ch ymarfer, rydych chi&#8217;n rhagweld heriau ac yn darparu ar gyfer carfan amrywiol o fyfyrwyr gan ddylunio i dynnu\u2019r rhwystrau. Mae&#8217;n bwysig cydnabod nad yw&#8217;r dull hwn o ddylunio yn gwella&#8217;r profiad dysgu i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn unig, mae&#8217;n gwella&#8217;r dysgu i bob myfyriwr. Os hoffech chi ddysgu mwy am y dulliau addysgol hyn, ewch i\u2019n tudalen Grymuso Myfyrwyr i gyflawni eu potensial. I ddarllen safbwyntiau darlithydd a myfyrwyr ar sut mae integreiddio academaidd a diwylliannol yn effeithio ar brofiad myfyrwyr,<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/cu_accordion\/international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy\/\"> cliciwch ar yr adran Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach yma.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Dealltwriaeth Ieithyddol<\/h2>\n<p>Ni fydd pob myfyriwr rhyngwladol yn wynebu her ieithyddol, a bydd i raddau llai yn unig i rai (Bell, 2016). Fodd bynnag, i\u2019r rhan fwyaf o fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol, rhuglder iaith yw\u2019r her fwyaf wrth addasu i fywyd prifysgol y DU (Sawir, 2005 a Burdett a Crossman, 2012). Os ydych yn dymuno cael rhagor o wybodaeth am sut i oresgyn her dealltwriaeth ieithyddol i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/cu_accordion\/linguistic-understanding-cy\/\">cliciwch ar yr adran Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach.<\/a><\/p>\n \n\n                        <div class=\"alert alert alert-success\">        \n            \n            <div class=\"alert-body\">            \n                <h3>Awgrymiadau defnyddiol:<\/h3>                <ul>\n<li>Sicrhau bod adnoddau (e.e. sleidiau darlithoedd, darlleniadau, astudiaethau achos, cyfarwyddiadau gweithgareddau) yn cael eu darparu 48 awr ymlaen llaw fel y gall myfyrwyr eu cyfieithu\/ymgyfarwyddo \u00e2 nhw.<\/li>\n<li>Cynllunio sesiynau gydag amser meddwl\/amser tawel gan alluogi myfyrwyr i brosesu'r wybodaeth.<\/li>\n<li>Darparu geirfa ar-lein y gall myfyrwyr ychwanegu ati a chael mynediad iddi. Gellir creu hon ar y cyd \u00e2 myfyrwyr.<\/li>\n<li>Defnyddio delweddau ac iaith glir a syml.<\/li>\n<li>Ysgrifennu termau neu acronymau newydd a thalfyriadau ar y bwrdd neu ar sleidiau a'u nodi'n benodol a'u hesbonio.<\/li>\n<li>Ystyried eich cyflymder a'ch defnydd o drosiadau, idiomau a chyfeiriadau sy\u2019n ddiwylliannol benodol, heb gynnig esboniadau am eu hystyr.<\/li>\n<li>Esboniwch gyfeiriadau sy\u2019n benodol i\u2019r DU at enghreifftiau neu arteffactau diwylliannol neu hanesyddol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div> \n\n    \n<p>Yma cewch ganllawiau i helpu i leihau&#8217;r rhwystrau ieithyddol y mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn eu hwynebu:<\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Darlithoedd<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-1\"><p>Darparu cwestiynau dan arweiniad ar gyfer darllen cyn sesiwn (i ganolbwyntio sylw ar faterion allweddol a rhoi pwrpas i\u2019r darllen.<br \/>\n\u2022 Rhestru\u2019r canlyniadau dysgu a fwriedir a pharhau i gyfeirio'n \u00f4l atynt i esbonio pam mane nhw\u2019n bwysig.<br \/>\n\u2022 Defnyddio cymysgedd o ddeunyddiau clywedol\/gweledol a chyflwyniadau.<br \/>\n\u2022 Cynnwys seibiau.<br \/>\n\u2022 Defnyddio delweddau a siarad yn glir ac yn araf.<br \/>\nDefnyddio cwestiynau penagored i gynorthwyo trafodaeth.<br \/>\n\u2022 Darparu cyfleoedd ar gyfer trafodaeth \u00e2 chydfyfyrwyr.<br \/>\n\u2022 Darparu tasgau a darlleniadau cyn sesiwn ymlaen llaw, fel y gall myfyrwyr baratoi ar gyfer cynnwys y ddarlith<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Asesiadau<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-2\"><p>Trafod a dadansoddi'r cyfarwyddiadau\/meini prawf asesu.<br \/>\n\u2022 Caniat\u00e1u i fyfyrwyr drafod a dadansoddi enghreifftiau (ochr yn ochr \u00e2 meini prawf asesu)<br \/>\n\u2022 Cynnig cyfleoedd ar gyfer adborth ffurfiannol yn gynnar (adborth gan gymheiriaid a\/neu ddarlithwyr)<br \/>\n\u2022 Peidio \u00e2 chymryd yn ganiataol bod pawb yn gwybod beth yw ystyr 'bod yn feirniadol'.<br \/>\n\u2022 Esbonio beth yw ystyr marciau.<br \/>\n\u2022 Darparu rhestrau gwirio aseiniadau.<br \/>\n\u2022 Annog\/cefnogi myfyrio\/hunanasesu (beth aeth yn dda, beth gallaf ei wneud i wella y tro nesaf)<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-3\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Gweithio\u2019n rhan o d\u00eem<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-3\"><p>Mae llawer o ymchwil ynghylch y dull gorau o weithio\u2019n rhan o d\u00eem mewn cyd-destun amlddiwylliannol. Bydd y dull y byddwch yn ei ddefnyddio yn dibynnu ar eich myfyrwyr a'r ddisgyblaeth ond dylai:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trafod manteision gweithio gydag eraill, gan godi mater gwahaniaethau diwylliannol a chamddealltwriaethau posibl \u00e2 myfyrwyr cyn y gweithgaredd.<\/li>\n<li>Gosod rheolau sylfaenol (wedi'u creu ar y cyd \u00e2 myfyrwyr), rolau a disgwyliadau gwahanol, a sut beth yw llwyddiant.<\/li>\n<li>Grwpiau cymorth i ddod i gytundeb cyffredin ynghylch sut y byddant yn trin materion dadleuol a allai godi.<\/li>\n<li>Neilltuo grwpiau i helpu i hyrwyddo cydlyniant cymdeithasol rhwng diwylliannau (Burns, V 2013) ac osgoi\u2019r tuedd i fyfyrwyr ddewis gweithio mewn grwpiau monodiwylliannol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-4\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Seminarau<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-4\"><ul>\n<li>Esboniwch beth yw pwrpas seminarau a beth rydych chi'n ei ddisgwyl gan y myfyrwyr.<\/li>\n<li>Rhowch dasgau paratoi cyn seminarau.<\/li>\n<li>Dewch o hyd i adnoddau\/enghreifftiau o gyd-destunau myfyrwyr.<\/li>\n<li>Manteisiwch ar arbenigedd myfyrwyr a rhoi cyfleoedd i fyfyrwyr rannu o'u cyd-destun (ond peidiwch \u00e2'u gorfodi).<\/li>\n<li>Caniatewch amser meddwl cyn disgwyl ateb a gadael i fyfyrwyr orffen.\u2022<\/li>\n<li>Anogwch fyfyrwyr i rannu eu meddyliau\/syniadau \u00e2'i gilydd cyn adrodd yn \u00f4l i'r dosbarth cyfan (mae\u2019n creu lle diogel i'w rannu).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-5\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Materion dadleuol<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-linguistic-barriers-cy-5\"><p>Canolbwyntiwch ar fodel archwiliadol o drafod - chwilio am wybodaeth i gael persbectif newydd.<br \/>\n\u2022 Dylid rhagweld deunydd a allai fod yn ddadleuol a chynllunio i'w reoli.<br \/>\n\u2022 Modelwch ymddygiadau o ymateb gan ddefnyddio datganiadau niwtral.<br \/>\n\u2022 Byddwch yn glir ynghylch gwerth gwybod yr hyn nad ydych yn ei wybod.<br \/>\n\u2022 Defnyddiwch gwestiynau agored i lywio'r drafodaeth.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<h2>Hygyrchedd Digidol<\/h2>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deficit-and-value-narrative-cy-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Myfyrwyr rhyngwladol: Y naratif diffygion<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deficit-and-value-narrative-cy-1\"><p>Defnyddir y naratif diffyg yn helaeth, ac mae'n gweld athrawon ac addysgwyr yn canolbwyntio ar 'diffyg' iaith, dealltwriaeth ac integreiddio, yn hytrach na sut mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn cyfoethogi'r profiad dysgu i bawb. Mae nifer o ymchwilwyr wedi archwilio'r ffenomen hon:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Diffyg sgiliau iaith a sgiliau academaidd (Lower 2017)<br \/>\n\u2022 Diffyg integreiddio cymdeithasol (Cockrill 2017)<br \/>\n\u2022 Diffyg hyder i achub ar gyfleoedd dysgu a chwestiynu (Turner 2015)<br \/>\n\u2022 Diffyg sgiliau meddwl beirniadol neu allu i gymryd rhan ar lafar (Marline 2009)<br \/>\n\u2022 Diffyg gwybodaeth am faterion a sefydliadau lleol (Krall 2017)<\/p>\n<p>Mae'r naratif diffygion wedi'i wreiddio mewn stereoteipiau o un math o fyfyriwr rhyngwladol ond yn cael ei gymhwyso i bob un. Y naratif 'diffygion' hwn sy\u2019n gallu meithrin tensiynau rhyngddiwylliannol rhwng myfyrwyr brodorol a chreu'r teimlad o 'eraill' gan lunio perthnasoedd dysgu ac arferion addysgeg (Stroker 2015) Mae llawer o fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn gweld iaith wahaniaethol a thuedd gan eu cyd-ddisgyblion (Heloitt et al 2020) sy'n awgrymu bod angen i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol gymathu i arferion addysgeg traddodiadol y DU. Mae hyn yn rhoi'r canfyddiad i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol mai eu gwaith nhw yw addasu a chymhathu i 'ein ffordd ni'.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0cm; background: white;\">Mae \u2018Internationalising HE Framework\u2019 Advance HE (2024) yn amlygu cyfrifoldeb y brifysgol i gefnogi myfyrwyr gyda\u2019r heriau y maen nhw\u2019n eu hwynebu,<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-4652 media-4652\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-02-20-124910.png\" alt=\"A diagram of 5 circles with dots inside. Circle 1: Not inclusion. Lots of green dots and a few red, blue and yellow dots. Circle 2: Inclusion. Different coloured dots 1 of each colour. Circle 3: Exclusion. Green dots inside circle. Red, blue and yellow dots around the outside of the circle. Circle 4: Segregation. Green dots inside large circle. Smaller circle with red, blue and yellow dots next to larger circle. Circle 5: green dots inside large circle. Smaller circle inside larger circle with red, blue and yellow dots inside.\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>an ddefnyddir naratif diffygion, collir cyfle hefyd i gydnabod a gwneud y gorau o'r persbectifau diwylliannol, deallusol a phrofiadol amrywiol y gall myfyrwyr rhyngwladol eu cynnig i brofiadau pob myfyriwr.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deficit-and-value-narrative-cy-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Myfyrwyr rhyngwladol: Y naratif gwerth<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deficit-and-value-narrative-cy-2\"><p>Mae llenyddiaeth ddiweddar yn cydnabod sut mae gallu unigol a\u2019r gallu i addasu yn bwysig i ddeall sut mae myfyrwyr yn dysgu, ochr yn ochr \u00e2 dimensiynau amrywiol amrywiaeth a stereoteipiau a thybiaethau traddodiadol grwpiau penodol o fyfyrwyr (Sanger a Gleason, 2020) Mae Lomer (2017) yn cymhwyso naratif gwerth sy'n portreadu myfyrwyr rhyngwladol fel cynnig ffenestr ar y byd, gan wella ansawdd addysg uwch trwy hwyluso rhyngwladoli. Mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn cynnig persbectif gwahanol a phan g\u00e2nt eu gwerthfawrogi, gallant wella profiad dysgu pob myfyriwr, gan ennill cymwyseddau diwylliannol a fydd yn paratoi pawb ar gyfer y byd sydd wedi\u2019i globaleiddio. Mae sawl budd i bob myfyriwr pan fydd yr amgylchedd dysgu yn cydnabod, yn dathlu ac yn gwerthfawrogi amrywiaeth pawb:<\/p>\n<h4>Cyfoethogi diwylliannol<\/h4>\n<p>Mae carfan ryngwladol yn dod ag amrywiaeth o ddiwylliannau, safbwyntiau a phrofiadau i'r amgylchedd academaidd.<\/p>\n<h4>Rhwydweithio Byd-eang<\/h4>\n<p>Mae rhyngweithio \u00e2 chydfyfyrwyr o bedwar ban byd yn rhoi cyfle gwerthfawr i fyfyrwyr greu rhwydwaith rhyngwladol. Gall y rhwydwaith hwn ymestyn y tu hwnt i'r lleoliad academaidd a chyfrannu at gydweithrediadau a chysylltiadau proffesiynol\/personol yn y dyfodol.<\/p>\n<h4>Profiad Dysgu Gwell<\/h4>\n<p>Mae bod yn agored i safbwyntiau gwahanol yn herio safbwyntiau traddodiadol ac yn meithrin meddwl beirniadol. Gall yr amrywiaeth hwn arwain at drafodaethau mwy cynhwysfawr a dealltwriaeth ddyfnach o faterion byd-eang.<\/p>\n<h4>Paratoi ar gyfer Gyrfaoedd Byd-eang<\/h4>\n<p>Mae ymgysylltu \u00e2 charfan ryngwladol yn paratoi myfyrwyr ar gyfer gweithleoedd byd-eang. Mae'r gallu i weithio'n effeithiol mewn timau amrywiol yn sgil y mae galw mawr amdano yn y byd rhyng-gysylltiedig sydd ohoni.<\/p>\n<p>Felly, mae ffocysu ein ffordd o feddwl gan ddefnyddio'r naratif gwerth yn sicrhau ein bod yn ystyried ac yn myfyrio ar anghenion yr holl fyfyrwyr i wella'r amgylchedd dysgu i bawb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-transition-and-induction-deeper-dive-cy-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Pontio a sefydlu: Archwilio\u2019n Ddyfnach<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-transition-and-induction-deeper-dive-cy-1\"><p>Mae pontio\u2019n gallu digwydd trwy gydol taith y myfyriwr a phan fydd yn llwyddiannus mae\u2019n gallu arwain at ddatblygu hunaniaeth a ffyrdd newydd o wybod (Beach 1999, yn Ecochard a Fotheringham 2017:101). Mae Ploner (2018) yn trafod lletygarwch academaidd sy'n canolbwyntio ar y cyfnewid cilyddol rhwng 'gwesteiwr' a 'gwestai'. Pan fyddwch yn cymhwyso'r cysyniad hwn i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol, rydych yn ail-fframio'r naratif diffygion ac yn symud tuag at y syniad o werthfawrogi a dysgu o ddifri o wahanol ddiwylliannau.<\/p>\n<p>Bydd gan fyfyrwyr sy'n mynd i'r brifysgol brofiadau a disgwyliadau cymysg. Mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol sy'n teithio i astudio wedi dangos ymrwymiad eisoes i astudio mewn gwlad arall. Fodd bynnag, gall y realiti fod yn wahanol iawn i'r disgwyliad. I fyfyriwr brodorol, mae\u2019r broses o fynd i mewn i gyd-destun newydd fod yn heriol mewn sawl ffordd. Mae dimensiynau ychwanegol addasu i ddiwylliant newydd o fewn y broses bontio yn creu her ychwanegol i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol. Mae angen ystyried y rhain wrth gynllunio prosesau sefydlu a throsglwyddo. Nid yw pontio\u2019r bwlch rhwng profiad blaenorol a disgwyliadau i sicrhau bod pob myfyriwr yn gallu perfformio i\u2019w botensial yn golygu newid yr hyn a ofynnwn i fyfyrwyr, ond mae\u2019n golygu cydnabod graddfa\u2019r pontio y mae rhai myfyrwyr yn ei wynebu (Scudamore 2013).<\/p>\n<p>(Scudamore 2013: 10) yn nodi bod sawl cam i\u2019r broses bontio sy\u2019n gallu para dros ychydig fisoedd. Gaallai rhai neu bob un fod yn brofiadau gan fyfyrwyr:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-4684 media-4684\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-01-23-132804.png\" alt=\"4 blue rectangles flow map. 1. Euphoria. 2. Disorientation 3. Rejection by and\/or of the new culture. 4. Reintegration.\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Ffigur: Camau pontio (Scudamore 2013, t10)<\/p>\n<h3>Dimensiynau addasu<\/h3>\n<p>Yn fras, mae'r llenyddiaeth yn cyflwyno 3 dimensiwn addasu ar gyfer myfyrwyr rhyngwladol:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-4696 media-4696\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/04\/dimensions-of-adjustment.png\" alt=\"3 overlapping circles venn diagram: Academic, Linguistic and Socio-cultural\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Dyma enghraifft o rai heriau y gall myfyrwyr rhyngwladol eu hwynebu wrth addasu i'r brifysgol:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>Academaidd<\/td>\n<td>Ieithyddol<\/td>\n<td>Cymdeithasol-ddiwylliannol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Arferion addysgu<\/td>\n<td>Cyfathrebu \u00e2 siaradwyr brodorol (cyflymder, acen, cywair, iaith y corff a llafaredd ac ati)<\/td>\n<td>Dod o hyd i\u2019w ffordd o gwmpas dinas newydd, ymgyfarwyddo \u00e2\u2019r system drafnidiaeth gyhoeddus, dod o hyd i lety<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Deinameg ystafell ddosbarth<\/td>\n<td>Diffyg cyfatebiaeth rhwng profion hyfedredd safonol a realiti<\/td>\n<td>Gwneud cylch ffrindiau newydd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Traddodiadau craidd dysgu ac addysgu (e.e. dysgu sy'n canolbwyntio ar y myfyriwr)<\/td>\n<td>Deall a chynhyrchu testunau academaidd<\/td>\n<td>Ymuno \u00e2'r system gofal iechyd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gwerthoedd craidd (e.e. cysyniadau llwyddiant)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Addasu i fwyd, tywydd, confensiynau cymdeithasol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aseiniadau a dulliau asesu<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Delio \u00e2 phwysau ariannol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-transition-and-induction-deeper-dive-cy-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Dimensiynau'r model cymorth rhyngwladol (Bell 2016)<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-transition-and-induction-deeper-dive-cy-2\"><p>Mae'r adnodd canlynol yn dangos dimensiynau Bell (2016) o'r model cymorth rhyngwladol yn tynnu sylw at y math o gymorth y mae prifysgolion yn ei gynnig, ac yn nodi arferion allweddol i helpu i gefnogi'r broses bontio.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-4708 media-4708\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/04\/Bells-dimensions-of-international-transition-and-support.png\" alt=\"3 overlapping circles venn diagram. 2 arrows circling the image and 3 boxes next to each circle. Top circle (purple): pre-sessional language classes sessional language classes informal language groups English for Specific Purposes courses Subject related language preparation. Right side rectangle: English Language Ability ( Language shock, group work, reading intensity, misaligned expectations and understandings) Bottom left circle (green): prearrival academic preparation academic writing\/study skills support targeted learning resources pathway preparation embedded academic support. left green rectangle: Academic expectations and integration ( learning shock, misaligned expectations, critical thinking; independent learning; academic writing conventions and cultures; teachers' roles' performance impacts; assessments and gradings. bottom right circle ( blue): prearrival engagement orientation guides dedication induction campus tours dedicated student advisers student services buddy\/ peer mentors social\/cultural events bottom rectangle (blue); socio-cultural integration. (Culture shock; loss of 'identity'; making friends with home students; orientation of new environment; feelings of homesickness and loneliness) Green and purple circle overlap: C academic integration Blue and purple circles overlap: B socio-cultural All 3 circles overlap: A English language\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Integreiddio Academaidd a Diwylliannol<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-1\"><p>Mae integreiddio cymdeithasol-ddiwylliannol myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn hollbwysig i sut mae myfyrwyr yn datblygu ymdeimlad o berthyn o fewn eu cyd-destun newydd. Mae pob myfyriwr yn mynd i'r brifysgol gyda ystod o ddimensiynau, cefndiroedd a phrofiadau bywyd amrywiol. I fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol, gall yr anghysondeb rhwng eu diwylliant brodorol a chyd-destun y DU effeithio ar eu profiad addysgol. Mae llenyddiaeth yn adrodd yn helaeth am yr addysgeg sy\u2019n cael ei llywio gan gyd-destun (Quan et al 2016) ac yn amlygu\u2019r gwahaniaeth rhwng systemau o un wlad i\u2019r llall. Mae arferion addysgu a disgwyliadau academaidd yn amrywio o wlad i wlad. Pan na chaiff y rhain eu hegluro a'u rhannu'n benodol, gall myfyrwyr deimlo wedi\u2019u drysu gan iaith a gweithdrefnau academaidd (Burdett &amp; Crossman 2012).<\/p>\n<p>Mae natur fwyfwy rhyngwladol prifysgolion wedi dangos sut y gall dysgu rhyngddiwylliannol ac ymdrechion o ran cynhwysiant gweithredol sicrhau bod pob myfyriwr yn cael y gorau o\u2019u profiad addysgol a\u2019u paratoi ar gyfer y byd wedi\u2019i globaleiddio (Slater a Gleason 2022). Mae\u2019r cyfle i ddatblygu cymwyseddau allweddol yn ystod eu profiad prifysgol, megis cymwyseddau diwylliannol, cydweithio, a meddwl yn feirniadol, yn paratoi myfyrwyr ar gyfer eu dyfodol proffesiynol a phersonol.<\/p>\n<p>Rydym yn diffinio'r term cymwyseddau rhyngddiwylliannol fel yr wybodaeth, y sgiliau a'r agweddau hynny sy'n ffurfio gallu person i gyd-dynnu \u00e2 phobl o ddiwylliannau amrywiol, a gweithio a dysgu gyda nhw.<br \/>\n(Advance HE 2014)<\/p>\n<p>Gydag ymwybyddiaeth ddiwylliannol daw'r angen i symud i ffwrdd o ragdybiaethau a deuoliaeth ddiwylliannol sydd wedi'u priodoli i grwpiau o fyfyrwyr. Pan fyddwch chi'n gwerthfawrogi'r amgylchedd amlddiwylliannol, mae'n helpu i herio'r stereoteipiau hynny a oedd yn gysylltiedig \u00e2 diwylliannau o\u2019r blaen. Un o'r rhwystrau mwyaf y mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn eu hwynebu yw'r diffyg ystyriaeth o ran cyd-destun diwylliannol a chefndir addysgol y myfyriwr. Felly, wrth weithio gyda myfyrwyr rhyngwladol, dylid rhoi ystyriaeth i\u2019r ffaith fod system addysgol flaenorol y myfyrwyr a\u2019u cefndir diwylliannol ac ieithyddol yn gallu gwneud wneud y broses o ddysgu yn fwy anodd (Slater ac Inagawa 2019:7)<\/p>\n<p>Isod fe welwch amrywiaeth o safbwyntiau gan diwtoriaid a darlithwyr EAP :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Tiwtor EAP 1:<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-2\"><p>Roeddwn yn meddwl tybed sut mae'r brifysgol ar hyn o bryd yn ystyried myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn ein hymdrechion o ran cydraddoldeb ac amrywiaeth. Mae hyn yn cael ei ysgogi gan drafodaethau \u00e2 rhai myfyrwyr rhyngwladol ynghylch faint y buont yn cael trafferth gyda dosbarthiadau lle e.e. mae'r darlithydd yn defnyddio iaith gymhleth iawn y mae myfyrwyr brodorol yn ei deall ond nad yw myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn ei deall, ac effaith emosiynol teimlo'n ymylol mewn dosbarthiadau.<br \/>\nEfallai ei bod yn anochel y byddai rhai heriau yn y maes hwn, a byddai rhai yn dadlau mai cyfrifoldeb myfyrwyr yw sicrhau bod ganddynt y gallu ieithyddol i astudio yn y DU. Fodd bynnag, mae'r rhain yn fyfyrwyr sydd wedi cyrraedd y safonau iaith sy'n ofynnol gan y brifysgol, ond sy\u2019n canfod nad yw hyn yn ddigonol ar gyfer lefel yr iaith a ddefnyddir gan rai darlithwyr. Nid yw hyn yn ymwneud \u00e2 gwneud cynnwys \u2018yn haws\u2019 - ond yn hytrach meddwl am y math o iaith a ddefnyddir (e.e. brawddegau cymhleth a hir, llawer o idiomau, cyfeiriadau diwylliannol sy'n hysbys i fyfyrwyr brodorol yn unig).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-3\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Tiwtor EAP 2:<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-3\"><p>Mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn aml yn ymddangos yn ymwybodol o'r angen i wneud rhywbeth 'beirniadol\u2019 yn eu hysgrifennu ond yn gofyn cwestiynau am beth yn union y mae hyn yn ei olygu yn ymarferol. Gall chwilio am y gair 'critical' mewn geiriadur Saesneg ychwanegu at yr ansicrwydd. Yn eu cwestiynau traethawd, gall darlithwyr ddefnyddio geiriau ac ymadroddion gwahanol er mwyn gofyn am ddull beirniadol. Rhai o'r rhain sy'n dod i'r meddwl yw:<br \/>\no Gwerthuso<br \/>\no Gwerthuso'n feirniadol<br \/>\no Asesu<br \/>\no Adeiladu dadl<br \/>\no Dangos eich safiad\/safbwynt\/persbectif\/cymhelliant<br \/>\nAc weithiau, defnyddir y gair \u2018trafod\u2019 yn unig (efallai wrth dybio\u2019r mewnbwn \u2018beirniadol\u2019)<br \/>\nMae enghreifftiau o\u2019r hyn sy\u2019n cyfrif fel \u2018beirniadol\u2019 mewn cyd-destun\/cwestiwn penodol yn anodd (ac yn beryglus) i diwtor cymorth ysgrifennu eu rhoi.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-4\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Tiwtor EAP 3:<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-4\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0cm; background: white;\">Yn aml mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn s\u00f4n am anhawster cymryd rhan mewn trafodaethau \u00e2 myfyrwyr brodorol. Weithiau maen nhw'n cael trafferth deall - yn enwedig gyda Saesneg mwy llafar - ond hefyd i gael eu deall. Dywedodd un myfyriwr wrthyf yn ddiweddar ei bod yn teimlo bod myfyrwyr brodorol yn osgoi siarad \u00e2 hi gan ei bod hi\u2019n meddwl bod hynny\u2019n gwneud iddyn nhw deimlo'n anghyfforddus os ydyn nhw\u2019n cael trafferth gyda'i hacen. Rwy\u2019n teimlo bod angen dybryd i staff academaidd ymgysylltu \u00e2 myfyrwyr brodorol yn ogystal ag \u00e2 myfyrwyr rhyngwladol wrth ddatblygu ystafell ddosbarth gynhwysol - ac, yn wir, greu rhaglen ac amgylchedd Ysgol cynhwysol. Mae angen i hyn ddigwydd o'r diwrnod cyntaf. Neu hyd yn oed cyn hynny. I ba raddau mae ein myfyrwyr brodorol yn deall beth mae'n ei olygu i astudio mewn prifysgol ryngwladol - os ydym wir yn rhyngwladol?<br \/>\nMae llawer o fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol hefyd yn nodi bod y myfyrwyr brodorol wedi symud ymlaen i agwedd arall ar y pwnc erbyn iddynt feddwl am sut i gyfrannu rhywbeth at y drafodaeth. Mae hyn i mi yn awgrymu bod angen mwy o sgaffaldau ar gyfer gweithgareddau trafod \u2013 er enghraifft, yr angen i gynnwys amser meddwl a pharatoi ond hefyd ymarfer mwy preifat (e.e. gwaith p\u00e2r) cyn trafodaeth mewn gr\u0175p mwy.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-5\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Darlithydd 1<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-5\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0cm; background: white;\">Yn aml mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn cael anhawster deall beth mae'r meini prawf marcio yn ei olygu mewn ystyr go iawn. Er enghraifft, gall y meini prawf gynnwys syniadau eithaf generig fel 'mae'n rhaid i waith ysgrifenedig fod \u00e2 chyfeirnodau da, fod wedi\u2019i strwythuro'n dda a dangos tystiolaeth o werthuso' ond mae'r sgiliau hynny'n anodd eu dangos os na ch\u00e2nt eu hesbonio'n iawn. Yn yr un modd, mae'n rhaid esbonio adborth am waith ffurfiannol yn eithaf manwl fel ei bod yn glir beth sydd angen ei newid.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-6\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Darlithydd 2<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-academic-and-cultural-integration-cy-6\"><p>Mewn llawer o wledydd, mae myfyrwyr wedi arfer \u00e2 system lle mae'n bosibl (ac yn nodweddiadol) i gael canrannau uchel iawn ar gyfer gwaith cwrs ac mewn arholiadau (e.e. 90-100%). Yn aml maen nhw\u2019n cael sioc pan g\u00e2nt farc yma tua 60% a dywedir wrthynt ei fod yn 'dda'. Yn aml maen nhw\u2019n mynd i banig eu bod yn methu ac yn poeni am ddweud wrth eu rhieni. Argymhellir esbonio'r system raddio yma a bod 60-70%+ yn radd dda\/da iawn.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-linguistic-understanding-cy-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Dealltwriaeth Ieithyddol<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-linguistic-understanding-cy-1\"><p>Fel y soniwyd uchod, mae hyfedredd ieithyddol yn chwarae rhan sylfaenol yng ngallu myfyrwyr i integreiddio'n llawn i'w cyd-destun newydd. Isod fe welwch ddetholiad o safbwyntiau myfyrwyr rhyngwladol ar ystyriaethau ieithyddol gan Jenkins a Wingate (2015).<\/p>\n<h4>Myfyriwr 1<\/h4>\n<p>Mae IELTS yn ymwneud \u00e2 rhoi eich barn, fel bod gennych bwnc a'ch bod yn ysgrifennu cyflwyniad, corff a chasgliad, ac rydych chi'n meddwl am eich syniadau ac mae hynny'n iawn. Ac yna rydych chi'n meddwl y dylech chi wneud yr un peth yn eich traethodau prifysgol.<\/p>\n<h4>Myfyriwr 2<\/h4>\n<p>Roedd yr aseiniadau roedden nhw\u2019n rhoi i ni bob amser ar gyfer gwerthuso, ar gyfer marcio. Ond efallai y byddan nhw'n rhoi mathau gwahanol o aseiniadau i ni, dim ond i roi adborth.<\/p>\n<h4>Myfyriwr 3<\/h4>\n<p>Ond y broblem yw\u2019r amser [\u2026] a dydw i ddim yn edrych arno [h.y. problemau gramadeg] fel rhywbeth y mae gwir angen i mi ei wella oherwydd bod gen i flaenoriaethau eraill - mae angen i mi gyflwyno gwaith cwrs, mae angen i mi wneud fy aseiniad, - felly nid yw'r broblem honno'n cael ei datrys.<\/p>\n<h4>Myfyriwr 4<\/h4>\n<p>Os ydych chi'n anabl maen nhw'n rhoi peth ystyriaeth i hyn, maen nhw'n rhoi rhywfaint o empathi i chi, maen nhw'n rhoi rhai credydau [...]. Os ydych chi'n ddyslecsig, maen nhw'n gwneud rhywfaint o eithriad i chi hefyd, iawn? Pan rydych chi\u2019n fyfyriwr tramor, rydych chi bron fel rhywun dyslecsig, hynny yw, nid yr un peth yn llythrennol ond rydych chi bron yn cyflawni\u2019r meini prawf anabledd [\u2026], felly yr hyn y byddwn i\u2019n ei awgrymu yw os yw prifysgolion yn edrych ar y pwynt y mae\u2019r bobl hyn yn ei wneud [ \u2026] a'r syniadau a'r wybodaeth y mae'n rhaid i fyfyrwyr tramor eu rhannu neu eu rhoi, y dylid eu marcio yn \u00f4l meini prawf.<\/p>\n<p>Ymchwil allweddol i r\u00f4l hyfedredd ieithyddol a'r heriau y mae myfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn eu hwynebu (Gatwiri G. 2015)<br \/>\n\u2022 Ceir trafodaeth ynghylch a yw profion iaith safonol traddodiadol a dulliau gramadeg yn paratoi myfyrwyr yn ddigonol (Wu a Hammond 2011). Hyd yn oed pan fo sgiliau Saesneg myfyrwyr yn dda, pan fyddant yn cyrraedd y brifysgol, maen nhw\u2019n canfod bod eu hyfedredd ieithyddol yn annigonol i ymdopi \u00e2 gofynion amgylchedd Saesneg ei hiaith.<br \/>\n\u2022 Mae heriau hefyd ynghlwm wrth y cynildeb a geir mewn ysgrifennu academaidd. Gall lefel y cymhwysedd iaith i nodi'r gwahaniaethau hyn a'u modelu yn eu hysgrifennu fod yn feichus.<br \/>\n\u2022 Gall adolygu ffynonellau ar gyfer dibynadwyedd a dilysrwydd a'r iaith a ddefnyddir a'r cyd-destun fod yn llai hygyrch i fyfyrwyr gan greu rhwystrau i'r myfyrwyr hynny nad ydynt yn siarad Saesneg fel iaith gyntaf. (Ramachandran 2011: Ecochard a Fotheringham 2017).<br \/>\nNid yr hyfedredd iaith academaidd yn unig sy\u2019n gallu achosi her ond mae\u2019r cyfathrebu \u00e2 siaradwyr brodorol a chyflymder y siaradwr, y dafodiaith, yr acen, a\u2019r defnydd o idiomau a throsiadau sy\u2019n ddibynnol ar ddealltwriaeth ddiwylliannol yn gallu creu ymdeimlad o unigedd a all effeithio ar integreiddio academaidd a chymdeithasol-ddiwylliannol. (Wu a Hammad 2011, Akanwa 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Mae angen gwneud ystyriaethau ynghylch:<br \/>\n\u2022 Mae angen ystyried sut roedd Saesneg yn cael ei haddysgu yn y famwlad ac i ba lefel o gaffaeliad, y defnydd ar Saesneg anffurfiol yn y DU, y defnydd ar idiomau, trosiadau, a chyfeiriadau sy\u2019n benodol i\u2019r diwylliant ac, yn olaf, yr iaith academaidd benodol sy\u2019n gysylltiedig \u00e2\u2019r ddisgyblaeth.<br \/>\n\u2022 P'un a yw'r myfyriwr wedi dysgu Saesneg gan siaradwr Saesneg brodorol neu rywun sydd \u00e2 Saesneg fel iaith ychwanegol (Ramachandran 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Mae llawer o ffactorau cynnil yn cyfrannu at sut mae myfyriwr yn caffael iaith a byddai\u2019n afrealistig disgwyl i fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol gyrraedd y DU gan ddefnyddio Saesneg rhugl, a gwybodaeth o gyfeiriadau cyd-destunol, trosiadau, ac idiomau i gyfathrebu\u2019n effeithiol (Ecochard a Fotheringham 2017). Mae\u2019r safbwynt hwn yn tanseilio natur gymhleth ieithyddiaeth gymhwysol a chaffael iaith arall. Mae llawer o fyfyrwyr rhyngwladol yn dewis astudio yn y DU gan eu bod yn deall gwerth ymdrochi yn yr iaith i wella eu gallu ieithyddol. Felly, mae\u2019n bwysig cydnabod her hyfedredd ieithyddol a bod yn ymwybodol o\u2019i effaith ar yr amgylchedd dysgu<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion accordion-accessible\"><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-1\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Signpost support<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-1\"><p>Academic English Skills for International Students<br \/>\nEnglish Language Programmes\u2019 Academic English Skills team provide free classes and one-to-one tutorials to current international students whose first language is not English. We can support you with advice on the skills you need for academic study in the UK.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students\">Classes and workshops<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students\">One-to-one tutorials<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students\">Self-study resources<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students\">Further information and enrolment<\/a><br \/>\nContact<br \/>\nIf you have any further questions, please contact:<br \/>\nAcademic English Skills for International Students<br \/>\nacademicenglish@cardiff.ac.uk<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students\">https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/study\/international\/english-language-programmes\/academic-english-skills-for-international-students<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-2\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Practical Considerations<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-2\"><p><strong>Assumptions:<\/strong> They will have all done well in their educational system, however, they will not all share the same knowledge and skills and may have different life experiences to your own. Do not necessarily expect them to understand all the academic conventions you may take for granted, or know how to prepare for a seminar or case study.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflection Questions:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 What assumptions are you making about the knowledge of your students?<br \/>\n\u2022 What are you expecting that they can, and cannot do?<br \/>\n\u2022 What expectations do you have of your students?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Manage expectations:<\/strong> Where possible, through websites, pre-arrival documentation, email briefing, the VLE and induction week; help students to understand what to expect from your course or module and also what you expect of them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflection Questions:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 What will be the class size?<br \/>\n\u2022 How will the module be assessed?<br \/>\n\u2022 How many lectures will there be?<br \/>\n\u2022 What formative tests are there?<br \/>\n\u2022 How much reading do you expect them to do each week?<br \/>\n\u2022 What is the structure of the module and what topics will be covered?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Presentation style:<\/strong> Use a slow and clear voice, allow students the chance to familiarise themselves with your use of language and accent. use of metaphors, idioms, be clear!!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflection Questions:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Do you have specific phrases you use that could be confusing?<br \/>\n\u2022 What specific academic phrases, vocabulary will they need to know?<br \/>\n\u2022 How fast do you talk, volume, direction you face?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Encourage speaking in class<\/strong>: The way you receive the first few class contributions is very important for the class dynamics as the module develops. Welcome all contributions and try not to be critical of any comments made (see Buttner 2004). If a student has misunderstood the point, thank them for their contribution and try to encourage another student to offer an alternative point of view. Be explicit about encouraging all contributions and remind students that obtaining a range of viewpoints is helpful to them because they need to understand there are always arguments for and against different approaches. Students who are reluctant to give their views might be prepared to feedback on an idea that they have talked about with peers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflection Questions:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Thank you for that viewpoint, does anyone have an alternative?<br \/>\n\u2022 I like what you said, can anyone expand on this?<br \/>\n\u2022 Is there an alternative viewpoint?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Representation:<\/strong> Wherever possible, use cases with a multi-national context that do not favour the contextual knowledge of the home students. Alternatively, use a case that forces home students to seek contextual understanding from international students.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reflection Questions:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Is the module\/program representative of my students?<br \/>\n\u2022 Who \u2018s voice is missing? What does that tell us?<br \/>\n\u2022 How can you give space to discussion and critiquing discipline context?<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-3\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Resources<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-3\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukcisa.org.uk\/Research--Policy\/Resource-bank\/resources\/35\/Discussing-difference-discovering-similarities\">UKCISA - Discussing difference, discovering similarities:<\/a>Toolkit for academic staff to improve interaction and cross-cultural learning between students from different cultural backgrounds.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com\/assets.creode.advancehe-document-manager\/documents\/hea\/private\/resources\/language_1568037225.pdf\">https:\/\/s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com\/assets.creode.advancehe-document-manager\/documents\/hea\/private\/resources\/language_1568037225.pdf<\/a> : practical tips on language for international students<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/higher-education-network\/2017\/sep\/18\/how-can-universities-help-international-students-feel-at-home\">How can universities help international students feel at home?<\/a> | Student experience | The Guardian : Examples of good practice in other universities.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cft.vanderbilt.edu\/guides-sub-pages\/teaching-international-students\/\">Teaching International Students | Center for Teaching | Vanderbilt University<\/a>: practical advice on supporting international students<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/rails\/active_storage\/blobs\/proxy\/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBcmxRIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--d4721590fc7d467ec0d26c4fbd3cb631d667c90b\/7_steps_to_Internationalisation_2012.pdf\">7_steps_to_Internationalisation_2012.pdf (plymouth.ac.uk)<\/a>: internationalising Teaching and Learning<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wonkhe.com\/blogs\/focusing-on-the-digital-experiences-of-international-students-can-improve-higher-education-for-everyone\/\">Focusing on the digital experiences of international students can improve higher education for everyone<\/a> | Wonkhe<\/p>\n<p>Podcasts:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/campus\/podcast-rethinking-internationalisation-higher-education\">https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/campus\/podcast-rethinking-internationalisation-higher-education<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/shows.acast.com\/63030887e182680013984f2f\/65bc17088c97ea0017a58214\">https:\/\/shows.acast.com\/63030887e182680013984f2f\/65bc17088c97ea0017a58214<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-4\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> References<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-4\"><p>Burns, V. (2013) Developing skills for successful international groupwork. AdvanceHE. Available at: https:\/\/www.advance-he.ac.uk\/knowledge-hub\/developing-skills-successful-international-groupwork<\/p>\n<p>Ecochard, S. and Fotheringham, J. (2017). International students\u2019 unique challenges \u2013 Why understanding international transitions to Higher Education matters. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 5:2, 100-108<\/p>\n<p>Gatwiri, G. 2015. The Influence of Language Difficulties on the Wellbeing of International Students: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Inquiries Journal\/Student Pulse [Online], 7. Available: http:\/\/www.inquiriesjournal.com\/a?id=1042<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e9liot, Y., Mittelmeier, J. and Rienties, B. (2020). Developing learning relationships in intercultural and multi-disciplinary environments: a mixed method investigation of management students\u2019 experiences. Studies in Higher Education, 45: 11<\/p>\n<p>Hockings, C. (2010). Inclusive learning and teaching in higher education: a synthesis of research. AdvanceHE. Available at:<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.advance-he.ac.uk\/knowledge-hub\/inclusive-learning-and-teaching-higher-education-synthesis-research<\/p>\n<p>Jenkins, J. and Wingate, U. (2015). Staff and students\u2019 perceptions of English language policies and practices in \u2018International\u2019 Universities: A case study from the UK. Higher Education Review, 47:2, 47-73<\/p>\n<p>Lomer, S. and Mittelmeier, J. (2023). Mapping the research on pedagogies with international students in the UK: a systematic literature review. Teaching in Higher Education, 28:6, 1243-1263,<\/p>\n<p>Lomer, S., Mittelmeier, J. and Carmichael-Murphy, P. (2021). Cash cows or pedagogic partners? Mapping pedagogic practices for and with international students. Society for Research into Higher Education (Research Report). University of Manchester.<\/p>\n<p>Lomer, S. (2017). Recruiting International Students in Higher Education Representations and Rationales in British Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan<\/p>\n<p>Marlina, R. (2009). \u2018I Don\u2019t Talk or I Decide Not to Talk? Is It My Culture?\u2019- International students\u2019 experiences of tutorial participation. International Journal of Educational Research 48:4, 235\u201344.<\/p>\n<p>Newsome, L. and Cooper, P. (2016). International students\u2019 cultural and social experiences in a British university: \u201cSuch a hard life [it] is here\u201d. Journal of International Students, 6:1, 195-215<\/p>\n<p>Rhoden, M. (2019). Internationalisation and intercultural engagement in UK Higher Education \u2013 Revisiting a contested terrain. In International Research and Researchers Network Event. Society for Research in Higher Education.<\/p>\n<p>Scudamore, R. (2013) Engaging home and international students: A guide for new lecturers. The Higher Education Academy.<\/p>\n<p>Straker, J. (2016) International student participation in Higher Education: Changing the focus from \u201cInternational Students\u201d to \u201cParticipation\u201d. Journal of Studies in International Education, 20(4), 299-318.<\/p>\n<p>Universities UK (2023) International facts and Figures 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.universitiesuk.ac.uk\/universities-uk-international\/insights-and-publications\/uuki-publications\/international-facts-and-figures-2023<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><div class=\"accordion-section\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-section-header-title collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-5\"\n        aria-expanded=\"false\"><svg class=\"icon icon-chevron-right\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 19.75 32\">\n    <title>Chevron right<\/title>\n    <path d=\"M6.13,28.28L18.41,16,6.13,3.72,9.84,0l16,16-16,16Z\" transform=\"translate(-6.13 0)\"><\/path>\n<\/svg> Share Your Feedback<\/h2> <div class=\"accordion-section-body collapse \" id=\"content-international-students-deeper-dive-section-5\"><p>\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"image w-75\" src=\"https:\/\/forms.microsoft.com\/pages\/responsepage.aspx?id=MEu3vWiVVki9vwZ1l3j8vFjmzr0UHJNEkrFqXd1VVfhURFkwR1E4TzlNNFJGR1VIRDdKRENOOFZFSS4u\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div><\/div>\n<h2>Ble Nesaf?<\/h2>\n<p><!--StartFragment --><\/p>\n<p>Y Cynnig DPP Addysg Gynhwysol<\/p>\n<p>Pecyn cymorth<\/p>\n<p>Gallwch nawr ddatblygu eich dealltwriaeth o Addysg Gynhwysol trwy gyrchu&#8217;r tudalennau cysylltiedig ar bynciau penodol, a amlinellir yn y map isod, sy&#8217;n ymwneud \u00e2&#8217;r Fframwaith Addysg Gynhwysol. Ar \u00f4l cyrchu&#8217;r dudalen hon, rydym yn argymell eich bod yn adolygu&#8217;r holl dudalennau addysg gynhwysol, ac yn dechrau creu cynllun gweithredu ar gyfer newid. Fodd bynnag, gallwch neidio i unrhyw bwnc defnyddiol, yn \u00f4l yr angen.<\/p>\n<p>Gweithdai<\/p>\n<p>Gallwch hefyd ddatblygu eich dealltwriaeth o Addysg Gynhwysol drwy fynychu sesiynau gweithdy sy&#8217;n ymwneud \u00e2 phob pwnc. Gellir cymryd y gweithdai hyn mewn sesiwn fyw wyneb yn wyneb, os yw&#8217;n well gennych ddysgu rhyngweithiol cymdeithasol, neu gellir eu cwblhau&#8217;n anghymesur yn eich amser eich hun, os yw&#8217;n well gennych. Gallwch gael rhagor o wybodaeth am weithdai, a&#8217;r ddolen i archebu yma.<\/p>\n<p>Darpariaeth Ysgol Bwrpasol<br \/>\nRydym yn cynnig cefnogaeth i Ysgolion ar Addysg Gynhwysol, drwy&#8217;r gwasanaeth Datblygu Addysg. Gall hyn fod yn ddefnyddiol i fynd i&#8217;r afael \u00e2 phryderon lleol penodol, i uwchsgilio timau cyfan, neu i gefnogi&#8217;r broses cymeradwyo ac ailddilysu rhaglenni. Cysylltwch \u00e2 Th\u00eem Datblygu Addysg eich Ysgol am ragor o wybodaeth.<\/p>\n<p>Map o Bynciau<\/p>\n<figure id=\"post-7198 media-7198\" class=\"image align-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/files\/2024\/10\/Inclusive-education-map-3.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Isod mae map o&#8217;r pecyn cymorth a phynciau&#8217;r gweithdy, i&#8217;ch cynorthwyo. Bydd y rhain yn cael eu datblygu a&#8217;u hychwanegu atynt mewn iteriadau o&#8217;r pecyn cymorth hwn yn y dyfodol (yn Saesneg y unig):<\/p>\n<p>Rydych chi ar dudalen 8\u202fo 8 o\u2019r tudalennauthema Cynwysoldeb. Archwiliwch y lleill yma:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/\">1.Cynwysoldeb a Fframwaith Addysg Gynhwysol y CU<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/cyflwyniad-i-addysg-gynhwysol\/\">2.Cyflwyniad i Addysg Gynhwysol<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/meithrin-ymdeimlad-o-berthyn-i-bob-myfyriwr\/\">3.Meithrin ymdeimlad o berthyn i bob myfyriwr<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/grymuso-myfyrwyr-i-wireddu-eu-potensial\/\">4.Grymuso myfyrwyr i wireddu eu potensial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/dylunio-cyffredinol-ar-gyfer-dys-cynfyfyrwyrgu\/\">5.Dylunio Cyffredinol ar gyfer Dys cynfyfyrwyrgu<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/hygychedd-digidol\/\">6.Hygyrchedd Digidol\u202f<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/anabledd-a-dyslecsia\/\">7. Anabledd a Dyslecsia<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynwysoldeb\/myfyrwyr-rhyngwladol\/\">8. Myfyrwyr Rhyngwladd<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Neu beth am thema arall?\u202f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cyflogadwyedd\/\">Cyflogadwyedd\u202f<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/cy\/trosolwg-or-themau\/cynaliadwyedd\/\">Cynaliadwyedd\u202f<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Tudalen Thema Cynwysoldeb Dechrau arni Mae demograffeg newidiol ein poblogaeth myfyrwyr dros y 30 mlynedd diwethaf wedi\u2019i hysgogi gan ddatblygiadau gwleidyddol, economaidd, addysgol, cymdeithasol a thechnolegol. Mae ein poblogaeth o [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":9344,"featured_media":0,"parent":413,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[78],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4615","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-cynwysoldeb"],"meta_box":{"cu_accordion":"","cu_alert":"","cu_tabs":"","cu_quote":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4615","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9344"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4615"}],"version-history":[{"count":84,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4615\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8560,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4615\/revisions\/8560"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4615"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4615"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.cardiff.ac.uk\/education-development-toolkit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4615"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}